Skin Cancer after Organ Transplantation PDF
Preview Skin Cancer after Organ Transplantation
Skin Cancer after Organ Transplantation Cancer Treatment and Research StevenT.Rosen,M.D.,SeriesEditor Foralltitlesinthisseries,pleasesee: http://www.springer.com/series/5808 Skin Cancer after Organ Transplantation The SCOPE Collaborative Group Edited by Eggert Stockfleth Claas Ulrich Charite´UniversityHospital,Berlin,Germany Sylvie Euvrard EdouardHerriotHospital,Lyon,France Charlotte Proby UniversityofDundee,CancerResearchUK SkinTumourLaboratoryDundee,Scotland,UnitedKingdom Jan-Nico Bouwes Bavinck LeidenUniversityMedicalCentre,Leiden,TheNetherlands Edward K. Geissler UniversityofRegensburg,Regensburg,Germany EditorialConsultant: Petter Gjersvik UniversityofOslo,Oslo,Norway Foreword by Peter Neuhaus 123 Editors EggertStockfleth,MD,PhD ClaasUlrich Charite´-Universita¨tsmedizinBerlin Charite´-Universita¨tsmedizinBerlin Klinikfu¨rDermatologie Klinikfu¨rDermatologie VenerologieundAllergologie VenerologieundAllergologie Charite´platz1 Charite´platz1 10117Berlin 10117Berlin Germany Germany eggert.stockfl[email protected] [email protected] ISSN0927-3042 ISBN978-0-387-78573-8 e-ISBN978-0-387-78574-5 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008926208 (cid:2)c SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2009 Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewritten permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY10013, USA),except forbrief excerpts inconnection with reviews orscholarly analysis. Usein connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not theyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsi- bility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Foreword Thelife-promotingandlife-enhancingbenefitsofsolidorgantransplantationarea majorandfascinatingmedicaladvance,butcomeatthecostofthelifelongimmuno- suppression needed to prevent rejection of the donated organ. This induction and maintenance of impaired immunological surveillance is paralleled by significant increasesintheincidenceofspecificcancers,ofwhichskincancersarenumerically way outin front.Prolongedwaiting times for organtransplantation,an increasing average age of recipients, and the improving long-term graft and patient survival arecloselyrelatedtothistrendtowardssteadilyincreasingratesofpost-transplant malignancies and have shifted the concerns of the global transplant community towardsthepossibilitiesofpost-transplantcancer. Alreadythe mostcommoncancerin fair-skinnedpopulations,keratinocyteskin cancersareincreasedafurther100foldinorgantransplantrecipients. Individual high-risk patients demonstrate accelerated carcinogenesis and may developverylargenumbersof(predominantly)squamouscellcarcinomas,tumours thatare more likely to behaveaggressivelyor metastasize in the contextof a sup- pressedimmunesystem. This book explores the pathogenesis of transplant skin malignancies, includ- ing the immunological basis and contribution from specific drugs. Experts in the fieldrecommendmanagementstrategiesforpreventingandtreatingtransplantskin malignancies,withalwaysanemphasisonamultidisciplinaryapproach.Asscien- tistsandcliniciansstrivetogethertodevelopeffectivepathophysiologicalconcepts andclinicalstrategiesin the face ofthis acceleratedcarcinogenesis,thereis a real opportunitynotonlyforadvancesinthetreatmentoftransplant-relatedskinmalig- nancies but also for translating these findingsinto effective skin cancer controlin thegeneralpopulation. Followingtheageofstrivingforsufficientpreventionofacuterejectionbydevel- opingevermoreeffectiveimmunosuppressiveagents,transplantmedicinenowhas tofacethechallengeofdirectandindirectconsequencesoflifelongimpairedimmu- nity. All disciplines in medicine are invited to contribute their knowledge, inno- vation, and strategies to aid transplant medicine in the rewarding struggle against malignanciesinorgantransplantrecipients. PeterNeuhaus v Acknowledgements Themanagementofskincancerinorgantransplantrecipientsisanevolvingmedical speciality,influencedbyintensiveclinicalandbasicresearcheffortsinrecentyears, andinspiredbytheescalatingburdenoftransplant-associatedskinmalignancies. Thismonographshallserveasaneffectiveresourceforaninterdisciplinaryread- ershipandaspirestotranslateinsightsfrombasicskincancerresearchintotheprac- tical steps in skin cancer prevention,diagnosis, and managementas it specifically relatestoorgantransplantrecipients.Newdiagnosticandtherapeuticstandardsare included and commented on. Separate chapters have been devoted to skin cancer preventionandtotheessentialroleofclinicalstudiesinprovidinganevidencebase andinimprovingtreatmentoutcome. Theclinicianwillfindinterdisciplinary,personalexperiencestogetherwithnew conceptsforhisdailyinteractionwithorgantransplantpatients. We are indebted to our co-editors: Sylvie Euvrard, Charlotte Proby, Jan-Nico Bouwes Bavinck, Ed Geissler, Paul Harden and Jaques Dantal for their excellent cooperationandendeavourinproducingthismonograph.WeareindebtedtoPetter Gjersvikforhisinvaluableeditorialadviceandskilfulcontributiontomanyofthe topicspresentedherein. The editors would like to thank all authors for their outstanding contributions to this monograph and for their interest and endeavour in the field of transplant oncology. The publication of this monograph would not have been possible without the dedication,hardworkandenthusiasmoftheprojectcoordinator,BirgitHinrichs. Theskincancerburdeninorgantransplantrecipientsisagrowingchallengefor usall. Berlin,Germany EggertStockfleth ClaasUlrich vii Contents Introduction–HistoricalPerspective ................................. 1 GeorgiosKatsanosandVincentDonckier SkinCancerAfterTransplantation:WhereDidWeComeFrom,Where DoWeGo? ........................................................ 5 RobinMarks PartI TransplantMedicine De Novo Post-TransplantationMalignancies: Incidence and Risk Factors............................................................ 11 JacquesDantal Immunosuppression ................................................ 23 EdwardK.Geissler SkinImmuneSystem ............................................... 45 JanD.BosandRosalieM.Luiten PartII Post-TransplantCancer Post-Transplant Skin Cancer: The Influence of Organ and Pre-TransplantDisease ............................................. 65 SylvieEuvrardandAlainClaudy TheEpidemiologyofTransplant-AssociatedKeratinocyteCancersin differentGeographicalRegions ...................................... 75 CharlotteM.Proby,HerminaC.Wisgerhof,DelphineCasabonne, AdeleC.Green,CatherineA.Harwood,andJanN.BouwesBavinck ix x Contents EtiologicalFactorsinCutaneousCarcinogenesis–AnIntroduction ...... 97 HerminaC.WisgerhofandJanN.BouwesBavinck Photocarcinogenesis–DNADamageandGeneMutations...............101 FrankR.deGruijlandPieterVoskamp Ultraviolet-Induced Immunosuppression: Implications for Photocarcinogenesis ................................................109 StefanBeissertandThomasSchwarz CarcinogenicMechanismsRelatedtoImmunosuppressiveTherapy ......123 Conal M. Perrett, Catherine A. Harwood, Jane M. McGregor, andPeterKarran OncogenicViruses..................................................133 HerbertPfister EpidemiologyofCutaneousHumanPapillomavirusInfections...........143 Elsemieke I. Plasmeijer, Linda Struijk, Jan N. Bouwes Bavinck, andMarietC.W.Feltkamp InteractionBetweenUltravioletRadiationandHumanPapillomavirus ...159 AlanStoreyandMarkSimmonds HumanHerpesvirus8...............................................169 CelesteLebbe´andCamilleFrance`s MolecularEventsinSkinCancer.....................................189 ThomasMeyer MolecularPathogenesisofBasalCellCarcinoma.......................193 T.Meyer MolecularPathogenesisofSquamousCellCarcinoma ..................205 IngoNindlandFrankRo¨sl NewTrendsintheSusceptibilitytoMelanoma.........................213 NademSoufir,BernardGrandchamp,andNicoleBasset-Seguin PartIII SpecificSkinCancers ActinicKeratoses...................................................227 EggertStockfleth Contents xi SquamousCellCarcinoma ..........................................241 AnnaBelloniFortina,StefanoPiaserico,MauroAlaibac,andAndreaPeserico BasalCellCarcinoma...............................................263 CarlosFerra´ndiz,Mar´ıaJ.Fuente,LaraFerra´ndiz,andJose´ M.Carrascosa ExternalAnogenitalPremalignantandMalignantDisease ..............279 KarenL.Gibbon,AruchaL.Ekeowa-Anderson,andIreneM.Leigh Kaposi’sSarcoma ..................................................299 CamilleFrance`sandCe´lesteLebbe´ MalignantMelanoma...............................................311 BeataImko-Walczuk,RichardTurner,andFenellaWojnarowska RareSkinCancers .................................................323 JeanKanitakis MerkelCellCarcinoma .............................................329 JeanKanitakis CutaneousLymphomas .............................................343 DenizSec¸kinandGu¨ntherF.L.Hofbauer AppendagealMalignancies ..........................................353 CatherineA.Harwood,CharlotteM.Proby,andRinoCerio PartIV ProphylaxisandTherapy The Role of the Transplant Physicianin the Management of Skin CancersAfterOrganTransplantation ................................377 EmmanuelMorelon,EmmanuelMahe,andJean-LouisTouraine PretransplantationDermatologicScreeningandProphylaxis............391 ClarkC.Otley Aftercare–AMulti-disciplinaryApproach............................405 AlexandraGeusauandErichPohanka EvaluationofPatientEducation......................................417 LuigiNaldiandFabriziaSassi
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