Skeletal Anchorage in Orthodontic Treatment of Class II Malocclusion: Contemporary applications of orthodontic implants, miniscrew implantsand mini plates, 1e

312 Pages·2015·166.37 MB·English

Dedication
This book is dedicated to my wife Despina, for her unfailing love, under-
standing, and full support over the years, and to my two sons, Apostolos
and Harry, with the wish to serve as an inspiration for their future profes-
sional endeavors.
“Give me a place to stand on, and I will move the earth.”
Archimedes (287 BC – 212 BC)
The engraving is from Mechanic’s Magazine
(cover of bound Volume II, Knight & Lacey, London, 1824)
Courtesy of the Annenberg Rare Book & Manuscript Library,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
For Elsevier
Content Strategist: Alison Taylor
Content Development Specialist: Barbara Simmons/Carole McMurray
Project Manager: Andrew Riley
Designer/Design Direction: Christian Bilbow
Illustration Manager: Karen Giacomucci
Illustrator: Electronic Publishing Services Inc., NYC
Skeletal Anchorage in
Orthodontic Treatment of
Class II Malocclusion
Contemporary applications of orthodontic implants,
miniscrew implants and miniplates
Edited by
MOSCHOS A. PAPADOPOULOS, DDS, DR MED DENT
Professor, Chairman & Program Director
Department of Orthodontics
School of Dentistry
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki, Greece
Edinburgh London New York Oxford Philadelphia St Louis Sydney Toronto 2015
© 2015 Moschos A. Papadopoulos. Published by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Ltd.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage
and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to
seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our
arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright
Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Parts of the text and images in Chapter 9 have been previously published in Papadopoulos
MA, Tarawneh F. The use of miniscrew implants for temporary skeletal anchorage in
orthodontics: a comprehensive review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod
2007;103:e6–15 as per references.
ISBN 9780723436492
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices,
or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein.
In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the
safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check
the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer
of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method
and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners,
relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to
determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all
appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of
products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods,
products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
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Foreword
In our millennium we are acutely aware of the many challenges that con- millennium. All the available skeletal anchorage devices are presented and
front us in diverse fields. The field of orthodontics has seen no cataclysmic discussed by experts in the specific areas. The presented results are evi-
events – financial or economic quicksand – but only steady progress based dence based with a combination of internal evidence (individualized clini-
on extensive research around the world. Commercial firms provide the cal expertise and knowledge of the clinicians) and external evidence
armamentarium we need and technical developments have kept pace with (randomized controlled clinical studies, systemic reviews) to conclude on
scientific progress. Long-term evidence-based assessment of treatment what is scientifically recognized therapy.
results is now available. The question as to what we can do and what are
Admittedly, reading this book for the first time may confuse some novice
the borderline situations can be answered in biological, biomechanical and
orthodontic students, but like a sacred text, it must be read again and again.
risk-management terms. There are many roads to Rome: many appliances
The book provides an exact description of techniques, their biomechanical
that can accomplish similar results but only one set of fundamental tissue-
justifications and examples of their potential for correcting orthodontic
related principles.
problems if the technique is handled properly. The criteria for successful
Orthodontics itself has seen a fundamental change (paradigm shift) in treatment are stability, tissue health and esthetic achievement.
direction and treatment emphasis, with greater attention being given to the
The book discusses all aspects of a more efficient use of skeletal anchorage
problem of stationary anchorage without a requirement for patient compli-
devices and also biological and biomechanical considerations, biomaterial
ance. This is achieved by using implants instead of extraoral anchorage.
properties and radiological evaluation. Within the book, all the available
This non-compliance approach enables intraoral extradental stationary
methods are described, such as the Strauman Orthosystem, the Graz
anchorage without the side effect of anchorage loss. The use of stationary
Implant-Supported Pendulum, the Aarhus Anchorage System, the Spider
anchorage with implants has been improved our success in reaching the
Screw anchorage, the Advanced Molar Distalization Appliance, the TopJet
“achievable optimum,” the goal of the treatment.
Distalizer, and many others. Utilizing implants in lingual orthodontics is
Since the introduction of implants in orthodontics, much information has described in two chapters, The book is completed by an in-depth discus-
been generated, mostly disorganized and contradictory with anecdotal case sion of complications and risk management.
presentations. Dr. Papadopoulos has assembled world-class experts from
This unique book makes a deep impression on the reader and shows that
all over the world to cover all aspects of skeletal anchorage using contem-
the nature of orthodontics does not permit a limited narrow view; it
porary application of various orthodontic implants and miniplates. Dr.
deserves understanding of conflicting opinions and evidence.
Papadopoulos is an innovative, enthusiastic pioneer with a holistic approach
in his research.
This book is a comprehensive publication, presenting methods and views Thomas Rakosi, DDS, MD, MSD, PhD
of 96 authors from 20 countries in 52 chapters. It is a unique work in the Professor Emeritus and Former Chairman
orthodontic literature; it is the most extensive compendium of the new Department of Orthodontics, University of Freiburg, Germany
v
Acknowledgements
The editor is most grateful to all colleagues involved in the preparation of Finally, Ms Alison Taylor, Senior Content Strategist, and all other Elsevier
the different chapters included in this book for their excellent scientific staff members are also acknowledged for their excellent cooperation
contributions. during the preparation and publication of this volume. Elsevier Ltd is
acknowledged for the high quality of the published Work.
Dr. Jane Ward, Medical Editorial Consultant, is given particular thanks for
her invaluable input into the rewriting of many of the contributions.
vi
Preface
Class II malocclusion is considered the most frequent treatment problem skeletal anchorage devices in orthodontics (Sections III and IV, respec-
in orthodontic practice. Conventional treatment approaches require patient tively), the book continuous with sections devoted on the treatment of
cooperation to be effective, while non-compliance approaches used to Class II malocclusion with the various skeletal anchorage devices, such as
avoid the necessity for patient cooperation have a number of side effects. orthodontic implants (Section V), miniplates (Section VI) and miniscrew
Most of these side effects are related to anchorage loss, and therefore, they implants (Section VII). A further section is devoted to the treatment of
can be avoided by the use of skeletal anchorage devices. Class II malocclusion with various temporary anchorage devices (Section
VIII). Finally, the last section discusses the currently available evidence
Anchorage is defined as the resistance to unwanted tooth movements and
related to the clinical efficiency as well as the risk management of the
is considered as a prerequisite for the orthodontic treatment of dental and
skeletal anchorage devices used for orthodontic purposes (Section IX).
skeletal malocclusions. In addition to conventional orthodontic implants,
which have been used for anchorage purposes for some years, miniplates The editor invited colleagues who are experts in specific areas related to
and miniscrew implants have been recently utilized as intraoral extradental orthodontic anchorage to contribute with chapters. Most of the authors have
temporary anchorage devices for the treatment of various orthodontic either developed or introduced sophisticated devices or approaches, or they
problems, including Class II malocclusions. All these modalities may have been actively involved in their clinical evaluation. In total, 96 col-
provide temporary stationary anchorage to support orthodontic movements leagues from 20 different countries participated in this exciting project.
in the desired direction, without the need for patient compliance in anchor-
The detailed discussion by a large number of experts of a variety of issues
age preservation, thus reducing the occurrence of side effects and the total
related to skeletal anchorage may be considered as a breakthrough feature
treatment time.
not previously seen in this form in orthodontic texts. At present, there is
The main remit of this book was to address the clinical use of all the avail- no other book dealing with all possible anchorage reinforcement approaches
able skeletal anchorage devices, including orthodontic implants, mini- (including orthodontic implants, miniplates and miniscrew implants) used
plates and miniscrew implants, that can be utilized to support orthodontic for the treatment of patients with Class II malocclusion.
treatment of patients presenting with Class II malocclusion. The book
It is the hope of the editor that this textbook will provide all the necessary
provides a comprehensive and critical review of the principles and tech-
background information for the better understanding and more efficient
niques as well as emphasizing the scientific evidence available regarding
use of the currently available skeletal anchorage devices to reinforce
the contemporary applications and the clinical efficacy of these treatment
anchorage during orthodontic treatment of patients presenting Class II
modalities.
malocclusion, and that it will be used as a comprehensive reference by
The book is divided into nine sections, starting from an introduction to orthodontic practitioners, undergraduate and postgraduate students, and
orthodontic treatment of Class II malocclusion (Section I) and an introduc- researchers for the clinical management of these patients.
tion to skeletal anchorage in orthodontics (Section II). After a detailed
presentation of the clinical and surgical considerations of the use of Prof. M. A. Papadopoulos
vii
Contributors
YOUSSEF S. AL JABBARI ADITYA CHHIBBER
Associate Professor, Dental Biomaterials Research and Development Resident, Division of Orthodontics, Department of Craniofacial
Chair, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut,
Farmington, CT, USA
GEORGE ANKA
Orthodontist in private practice, Tama-shi, Tokyo, Japan HYERAN CHOO
Director of Craniofacial Orthodontics at The Children’s Hospital of
AYÇA ARMAN ÖZÇIRPICI
Philadelphia; Clinical Associate, Department of Orthodontics, University
Associate Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Dentistry, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
KYU-RHIM CHUNG
KARLIEN ASSCHERICKX
Professor and Chairman, Division of Orthodontics, Ajou University,
Researcher and Lecturer, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dental Clinic,
School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
Department of Orthodontics, Brussels, Belgium; orthodontist in private
MARIE A. CORNELIS
practice, Antwerp, Belgium
Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry,
MUSTAFA B. ATES
University of Geneva, Switzerland
Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry,
MAURO COZZANI
Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
Professor of Orthodontics and Gnathology, School of Dental Medicine
UGO BACILIERO
University of Cagliari, Italy
Director, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Regional Hospital of
ADRIANO CRISMANI
Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
Professor and Head, Clinic of Orthodontics, Medical University of
MARTIN BAXMANN Innsbruck, Austria
Visiting Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry,
MICHEL DALSTRA
University of Seville, Seville, Spain: Orthodontist in private practice,
Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry,
Kempen & Geldern, Germany
University of Aarhus, Denmark
THOMAS BERNHART
HUGO DE CLERCK
Professor, Division of Oral Surgery, Bernhard Gottlieb University Clinic
Adjunct Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry,
of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; orthodontist in
MICHAEL BERTL private practice, Brussels, Belgium
Lecturer, Division of Orthodontics, Bernhard Gottlieb University Clinic
GLADYS C. DOMINGUEZ
of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry,
LARS BONDEMARK University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics; Dean, Faculty of GEORGE ELIADES
Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
Professor and Director, Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry,
S. JAY BOWMAN University of Athens, Greece
Adjunct Associate Professor, Saint Louis University; Instructor, THEODORE ELIADES
University of Michigan; Assistant Clinical Professor, Case Western
Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics and Paediatric
Reserve University; orthodontist in private practice, Portage,
Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
Michigan, USA
NEJAT ERVERDI
FRIEDRICH K. BYLOFF
Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara
Former Clinical Instructor, Department of Orthodontics, School of University, Istanbul, Turkey
Dentistry, University of Geneva, Switzerland; orthodontist in private
INGALILL FELDMANN
practice, Graz, Austria
Senior consultant, PhD, Orthodontic Clinic, Public Dental Helth Service,
VITTORIO CACCIAFESTA
Gävle and Centre for research and Development, Uppsala University/
Orthodontist in private practice, Milan, Italy County Council of Gävleborg, Gävle, Sweden
LESLIE YEN-PENG CHEN MATTIA FONTANA
Orthodontist in private practice, Taipei, Taiwan Orthodontist in private practice, La Spezia, Italy
viii
Contributors  ix
TADASHI FUJITA BEYZA HANCIOGLU KIRCELLI
Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Former Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, University of
Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Baskent; orthodontist in private practice, Adana, Turkey
Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
NAZAN KUCUKKELES
NARAYAN H. GANDEDKAR Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry,
Former Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
Orthopedics, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad,
KEE-JOON LEE
India; Dental Officer Specialist and Clinical Researcher, Cleft and
Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry,
Craniofacial Dentistry Unit, Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and
Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
Aesthetic Surgery, K.K. Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore
GARY LEONARD
COSTANTINO GIAGNORIO
Oral surgeon in private practice, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
Orthodontist in private practice, SanNicandro Garganico (FG), Italy
SEUNG-MIN LIM
BETTINA GLASL
Clinical Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Kangnam Sacred Heart
Orthodontist in private practice, Traben-Trarbach, Germany
Hospital, Hallym University; orthodontist in private practice, Seoul,
ANTONIO GRACCO South Korea
Assistant Professor, Department of Neurosciences, Section of Dentistry,
JAMES CHENG-YI LIN
University of Padua, Italy
Clinical Assistant Professor, School of Dentistry, National Defense
HIDEHARU HIBI Medical University; Consultant Orthodontist, Department of
Orthodontics and Craniofacial Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial
Associate Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,
Hospital; private practice of orthodontics and implantology, Taipei,
Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Taiwan
RYOON-KI HONG
ERIC JEIN-WEIN LIOU
Chairman, Department of Orthodontics, Chong-A Dental Hospital,
Chairman, Faculty of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital;
Seoul; Clinical Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of
Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial
Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
MASATO KAKU
GUDRUN LÜBBERINK
Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial
Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of
Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of
Dentistry, University of Duesseldorf, Germany
Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
BJÖRN LUDWIG
HANS KÄRCHER
Scientific collaborator, Department of Orthodontics, University of
Professor and Head, Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, School of
Saarland, Homburg/Saar; orthodontist in private practice, Traben-
Dentistry, University of Graz, Austria
Trarbach, Germany
HASSAN E. KASSEM CESARE LUZI
Assistant Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Orthodontist in private practice, Rome, Italy
Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
B. GIULIANO MAINO
BURÇAK KAYA
Visiting Professor of Orthodontics at Ferrara University and Insubria
Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University; orthodontist in private practice, Vicenza, Italy
Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
FRASER MCDONALD
HYEWON KIM
Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics, King’s College
Orthodontist in private practice, Seoul, South Korea London Dental Institute, London, UK
SEONG-HUN KIM BIRTE MELSEN
Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry,
Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea University of Aarhus, Denmark
TAE-WOO KIM ANNA MENINI
Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul Orthodontist in private practice, Monterosso al Mare (SP), Italy
National University, Seoul, South Korea
CAMILLO MOREA
GERO KINZINGER
Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of
Professor, Department of Orthodontics, University of Saarland, Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
Homburg/Saar; private practice, Toenisvorst, Germany
x  Contributors
MELIH MOTRO MICHAEL SCHAUSEIL
Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Research Assistant, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry,
Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey University of Marburg, Germany
RAVINDRA NANDA GIUSEPPE SICILIANI
Professor and Head, Division of Orthodontics, Department of Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry,
Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of University of Ferrara, Italy
Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
HIROKO SUNAGAWA
CATHERINE NYSSEN-BEHETS Clinical Associate, Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial
Professor, Pole of Morphology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of
Research, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
JUNJI OHTANI PHILIPPOS SYNODINOS
Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Orthodontist in private practice, Athens, Greece
Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of
KYOTO TAKEMOTO
Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
Orthodontist in private practice, Tokyo, Japan
PAOLO PAGIN
KAZUO TANNE
Orthodontist in private practice, Bologna, Italy
Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial
MOSCHOS A. PAPADOPOULOS Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of
Professor, Chairman and Program Director, Department of Orthodontics, Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
FADI TARAWNEH
Research Associate, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry,
SPYRIDON N. PAPAGEORGIOU
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Resident, Department of Orthodontics; Doctoral fellow, Department of
Oral Technology, School of Dentistry, University of Bonn, Germany HILDE TIMMERMAN
Orthodontist in private practice, Brussels, Belgium
YOUNG-CHEL PARK
President, World Implant Orthodontic Association; Professor, STEPHEN TRACEY
Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Orthodontist in private practice, Upland, CA, USA
Seoul, South Korea
SINA UÇKAN
MARCO PASINI
Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of
Orthodontist in private practice, Massa, Italy Dentistry, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
ZAFER OZGUR PEKTAS MINORU UEDA
Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, University of Baskent, Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ankara, Turkey School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
BEN PILLER MADHUR UPADHYAY
Scientific collaborator, Department of Orthodontics, The Maurice and Assistant Professor and Program Director (Orthodontic Fellowship
Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Program), Division of Orthodontics, Department of Craniofacial
Israel Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut,
Farmington, CT, USA
IOANNIS POLYZOIS
Lecturer/Consultant in Periodontology, Dublin Dental University FLAVIO URIBE
Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Republic of Ireland Associate Professor and Program Director, Division of Orthodontics,
Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine,
ROBERT RITUCCI
University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
Orthodontist in private practice, Plymouth, MA, USA
HEINER WEHRBEIN
KIYOSHI SAKAI
Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics, Johannes Gutenberg
Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,
University Hospital, Mainz, Germany
Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
BENEDICT WILMES
MASARU SAKAI
Professor, Department of Orthodontics, University of Duesseldorf,
Orthodontist in private practice, Nagoya, Japan
Germany
ÇAĞLA ŞAR
Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry,
Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey