Size Exclusion Chromatography (GPC)

312 Pages·1980·9.577 MB·English

by  Theodore Provder (Eds.)

Size Exclusion
Chromatography (GPC)
Theodore Provder, EDITOR
Glidden Coatings and Resins
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9 Based on a symposium
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1 178th National Meeting of the
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138
ACS S Y M P O S I UM S E R I ES
AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
WASHINGTON, D. C. 1980
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13 Size exclusion chromatography (GPC).
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0- (ACS symposium series; 138 ISSN 0097-6156)
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9 Includes bibliographies and index.
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bk- 1. Gel permeation chromatography—Congresses. 2.
1/ Polymers and polymerization—Analysis—Congresses.
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0 I. Provder, Theodore, 1939- . II. American Chemi
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0. cal Society. Division of Analytical Chemistry. III.
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oi: AChmeemriiccaanl SoCchieemtyi.c AalC SS soycmieptyo.s iuImV .s erSieesr;i e1s3: 8.A merican
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0 | QD272.C444S59 547.7'046 80-22015
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9 ISBN 0-8412-0586-8 ASCMC 8 138 1-312 1980
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e: American Chemical Society
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ACS Symposium Series
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38.f M. Joan Comstock, Series Editor
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1 Kenneth B. Bischoff James D. Idol, Jr.
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Brian M. Harney Raymond B. Seymour
Robert A. Hofstader Gunter Zweig
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0-0 FOREWORD
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k- The ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES was founded in 1974 to provide
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0 | d papers are not typeset but are reproduced as they are sub
8 mitted by the authors in camera-ready form. Papers are re
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6, viewed under the supervision of the Editors with the assistance
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er of the Series Advisory Board and are selected to maintain the
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PREFACE
Size exclusion chromatography or gel permeation chromatography (GPC)
became a practical technique for obtaining the molecular weight
distribution of polymers around 1964 through the pioneering efforts of
John C. Moore. Since that time, GPC has become the analytical method
of choice for fractionating and analyzing the molecular weight distribution
of macromolecules. The field has grown and the output of journal articles
has remained at a high level—during the past five years there have been
on the order of 400 to 500 papers published annually.
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0 Recent technological advances over the past five years have sparked
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8. a new level of activity in the field of size exclusion chromatography (GPC).
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01 These include: (1) the development of high-performance, high-speed
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8 column technology; (2) the development and increased use of multiple
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k- in-line detectors (for example, differential refractometer, ultraviolet and
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1/ infrared spectrophotometric detectors, visometry, light scattering, gravi-
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1 metry, densitometry, etc.); and (3) the application of minicomputer and
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oi: 1 microcomputer technology for instrument control and data analysis.
d These developments in turn have led to new and improved applica
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8 tions of size exclusion chromatography (GPC) as well as higher quality
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6, information. The topics in this book that reflect some of these new
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er technological advances include particle size analysis of latex by chroma
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m tography methods; gel content measurements; determination of polymer
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ov chain branching and copolymer composition as a function of molecular
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e: weight; high-resolution GPC analysis of oligomers and micellar systems;
Dat applications of aqueous GPC; improved data analysis methods; and kinetic
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o modeling of polymerization reactions.
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c These new technological advances also have impacted the work of
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u the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The ASTM
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committee D20.70.04 currently is involved in developing new size exclu
sion chromatography methods (GPC) that incorporate these advances.
It is hoped that this book will spur further activity in the field of
size exclusion chromatography (GPC).
The editor wishes to thank the authors for their effective oral and
written communications and the reviewers for their critiques and con
structive comments.
Glidden Coatings and Resins THEODORE PROVDER
Strongsville, Ohio 41136
May 20, 1980
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1
Particle Size Analysis by Chromatography
A. J. McHUGH1, D. J. NAGY2, and C. A. SILEBI
Department of Chemical Engineering and Emulsion Polymers Institute,
Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
The use of column chromatography for fractionating polymer
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0 latex suspensions has been growing rapidly. Figure 1 shows a
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ch schematic breakdown of the several methods.
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3 One method, developed by Small (1,2), involves pumping the
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0-0 latex suspension through columns packed with nonporous beads.
98 Separation by size results from the interaction between the elec
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k- trostatically stabilized particles and eluant velocity gradients
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1/ in the interstices between the packing. Thus the term Hydrody-
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0 namic Chromatography or HDC has been used to describe the process.
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0. Under conditions where van der Waals attraction between the par
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oi: ticles and packing can predominate (such as at high eluant ionic
80 | d pstarcekninggth. ), Tthhee ppoasrstiibcilleist ym eaxyi sintst erfoarc t cownitthr oollri ndge pthosei t deopntoos ittihoen
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1 -reintrainment behavior of the particles in this regime, based on
26, either size or any of the physico-chemical parameters involved in
er the potential energy of interaction between the particles and
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m packing. The term Potential Barrier Chromatography or PBC has
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ov been used to describe this process (3,4).
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e: A second chromatographic method, similar in operation to HDC,
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D involves the use of porous packing (as in GPC) and has been re
on ferred to as Liquid Exclusion Chromatography or LEC. Krebs and
ati Wunderlich (5) were the first to report the use of large pore
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bli silica gels for the fractionation of polystyrene and polymethyl
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P methacrylate latexes. More recently, Coll (6) and Singh and

Hamielec (7.) have investigated the separation of polystyrene
latexes up to one micron in diameter using controlled-pore,
silica glass packing. Their choice of packing size and pore
diameters clearly resembled those of traditional GPC systems.
As a result of some of the studies to be discussed in this paper,
a separate regime is possible when the packing pores are large
Current address: department of Chemical Engineering
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois 6l801
*Air Products and Chemicals
Trexlertown, Pennsylvania 18105
0-8412-0586-8/80/47-138-001$06.25/0
© 1980 American Chemical Society
2 SIZE EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY (GPC)
compared to the particle size. Such a process we refer to as
Porous Hydrodynamic Chromatography. A third method involves flow
of the particle suspension through long, small bore, open capil
lary tubes and has been referred to as Capillary Hydrodynamic
Chromatography (8^9.). In this process the flow separation mecha
nism appears to be related to the "tubular pinch effect" discussed
in the work of Segre and Silberberg {10) and the name Tubular
Pinch Chromatography (TPC) has also been associated with it.
Since the phenomenon only occurs above a critical Reynolds number
(ll), it may be most applicable to particles larger than a micron
in diameter.
Another area of rapid growth for particle separation has been
that of Field-Flow Fractionation (FFF) originally developed by
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00 Giddings (12^, 13,1^,15.) (see also papers in this symposium series).
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c Like HDC, the separation in field-flow fractionation (FFF) results
8.
3 from the combination of force field interactions and the convected
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0-0 motion of the particles, rather than a partitioning between
98 phases. In FFF the force field is applied externally while in
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k- HDC it results from internal interactions.
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1/ This paper will be limited to a discussion of our packed
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0 column studies in which we have addressed attention to questions
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0. regarding, (a) the role of ionic strength and surfactant effects
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oi: on both HDC and porous packed column behavior, (b) the effects of
80 | d peofrfee ctssi zeo f antdh e ploirge hts iszec adtitsetrriinbg ucthiaorn acont erriesstoilcust iofo n,p oalndy st(ycr)e nteh e on
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1 signal resolution and particle size distribution determination.
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2 The discussions include references to previous publications which
ber contain detailed development of some of the material presented
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e here.
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e: Nonporous Packing: HDC
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on i) Background. Details of the experimental aspects of HDC
cati column design and operation are given in several references (l,l6,
bli 1/7,18). The basic technique involves pumping a dilute suspension
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P of latex particles through beds packed with styrene-divinylbenzene
copolymer beads. Particles are detected by monitoring the tur
bidity of the eluant stream in a flow-through cell at 25U nm.
Over a range of ionic strengths, particles elute from the columns
ahead of a dissolved marker species (dichromate ion) with particle
residence time decreasing with increasing diameter.
Particle separation can be characterized by the separation
factor, R, which is the ratio of eluant to particle elution
F
volumes, or, by the difference in elution volume, AV, between
particle and eluant marker turbidity peaks. For polystyrene
monodisperse standards, a linear relationship occurs between the
log of the particle diameter and AV, with a series of parallel
lines resulting for different concentration of either salt or sur
factant below its critical micelle concentration (17,18,19). The
separation factor has also been shown to be independent of eluant
1. MCHUGH ET AL. Particle Size Analysis 3
flow rate (l8,1£).
To quantify Rp in terms of a fundamental model for the parti
cle residence time the definition in terms of average velocites is
used,
(1)
F <v >
where v and vg refer to the particle and eluant axial velocity,
p
and the brackets refer to the appropriate averaging taken over the
cross section of the assumed equivalent bed interstitial geometry.
For the capillary bed model (l8)
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0138. Ro - Rp x -<f)(r)/kT
0- ) e Y r dr
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bk- r o p
21/ -<f>(r)/kT
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1 r dr
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8 from the bed hydraulic radius (17_), R is the particle radius, and
19 p
6, the exponential function contains, in addition the Boltzman con
ber 2 tshtea ntp aratnidc tlee mapnedra ctaupriel,l atrhye wtaoltla l foernceer gfyi eolfd si.n teTrhaec tpiaonr tbiectlew een
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e streamline velocity v(r) contains a correction for the wall
v p
No effect (l8). A similar expression for <vp> results with the
e: exception that for the marker the van der Waals attraction and
Dat Born repulsion terms as well as the wall effect are considered
on to be negligible (18).
ati Calculations for Rp as a function of the relevant experiment
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bli al parameters (eluant ionic species concentration-including sur
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P factant, packing diameter, eluant flow rate) and particle physical

and electrochemical properties (Hamaker constant and surface
potential) show good agreement with published data (l8.,l£). Of
particular interest is the calculation which shows that at very
low ionic concentration the separation factor becomes independent
of the particle Hamaker constant. This result indicates the
feasibility of universal calibration based on well characterized
latices such as the monodisperse polystyrenes. In the following
section we present some recent results obtained with our HDC
system using several monodisperse standards and various sur
factant conditions.
ii) Effects of Ionic Concentration on Material Recovery and
Universal Calibration. Figure 2 illustrates the effect of ionic
strength on the Rp - particle diameter relationship for the
4 SIZE EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY (GPC)
I PARTICLE CHROMATOGRAPHY
NONPOROUS POROUS OPENCAPU.ARY FIELD-FLOW
PACKING PACKING TUBE FRACTIONATILO N
HYDROOYNAMC TUBULAR-PINCH
CHROMATOGRAPHY B i ll CHROMATOGRAPHY •FIELD I
|THERMAL FJQJDJ
LIQUID EXCLUSCN
CHROMATOGRAPHY |FIELD FLOWJ
1 'CHROMATOGRAPHY
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h0 I ELECTRICAL I
8.c 1 FIELD I
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19 Figure 1. Classification of principal areas of colloidal particle chromatography
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0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
PARTICLE DIAMETER, I
Figure 2. Effect of ionic strength on R for different polystyrene particle sizes
F
using SLS or AM A in eluant.
Molar concentrations in millimoles (quantities in parentheses are total ionic strengths
calculated from Equation 4). (O) 0.33mU AMA; (A) 1.29mU AMA; (A) 2.78mM
AM A; (U) 23mM SLS (60mM); (%) 30mM SLS (84mM); (Q) 35mM SLS (WlmM);
(M) 105mU (342mM).
1. McHUGH ET AL. Particle Size Analysis 5
polystyrene standards for a variety of ionic strengths using sur
factant either sodium lauryl sulfate, SLS, or aerosol MA, AMA,
sodium dihexylsulfosuccinate as noted, only in the eluant phase.
Curves A, B, and C are for concentrations of SLS or AMA below the
CMC (CMC of AMA - 0.028M, (20), CMC of SLS - .008M, (21)) in which
case the ionic strength is given "by the standard definition
I = 1/2 Z C Z2 (3)
±
where Cj_ is the total bulk concentration of species i and is
the ionic charge with the summation taken over a ll ionic species.
Curves D, E, F, and G are for concentrations of SLS above the CMC.
The close correlation between these curves and those of Figure 6,
01 reference 1, indicate that the contribution of the anionically
0
ch charged SLS micelles (above the CMC) may be accounted for in terms
38. of the ionic strength.
1
0 From electrophoretic data for SLS micelles under various
0-
8 ionic conditions (22), values of 80 for the aggregation number and
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k-1 23 for the effective charge of the kinetic micelles can be used.
1/b This gives the following formula for the eluant total ionic
02 strength.
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0.
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oi: I = 1/2 [[Na+](+l)2 + [SL-](-l)2 + [SLS]m(Q)2] (h)
d
80 | In equation (U)[N«+] is the total molar concentration of free
9
1 sodium ions, [ SL~J is the molar concentration of ionic C-^ H25
26, SOjJ, and [SLS] is the concentration of the SLS micelles. The
er corresponding imonic strengths are indicated in the figure heading.
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The capillary model can also be used to account for the ionic
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ov strength effects seen in Figure 2 and is discussed elsewhere (23).
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e: A practical upper limit for the fractionation of particles by
Dat HDC exists using 20 urn packing (l). In order to further elucidate
n this effect a series of runs was made using a column by-pass line
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ati to allow turbidity peak area comparisons for the same samples run
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bli through the column and by-pass. Table I shows percent recoveries
Pu based on the turbidity signal for various particle sizes of

polystyrene (PS), polyvinylchloride (PVC), and polystvrene
butadiene (PSBD) at a low ionic strength of U.U x 10"% SLS and a
wavelength of 2$k nm. Particle diameters less than about 250 nm
are essentially a ll recovered, while the practical upper limit is
about 350 nm. Reduced recovery may be due to a deposition of
particles on the packing beads or a "filtration" effect due to
the small degree of polydispersity of the packing (23).
Complete recoveries are essential for the calculation of
accurate particle size distributions from HDC data. In Small's
work (l) NaCl was used to increase the ionic strength of the
eluant phase, however, quantitative results were not reported for
any of the recoveries, especially at high ionic strengths, other
than the statement that no latexes of 338 nm or 357 nm diameter
were eluted at 0.176 M. In our case using SLS only in the mobile