Size Effects in Metals, Semiconductors and Inorganic Compounds

270 Pages·2010·9.023 MB·English

by  Edited by: Grégory Guisbiers Dibyendu Ganguli

Size Effects
in Metals,
Semiconductors
and
Inorganic
Compounds

Edited by:
Grégory Guisbiers
Dibyendu Ganguli
Size Effects in Metals,
Semiconductors
and Inorganic Compounds
Special topic volume with invited peer reviewed papers only.
Edited by
Grégory Guisbiers and Dibyendu Ganguli

TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD

Switzerland • UK • USA
Copyright © 2010 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland

All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this publication may be
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Volume 444 of
Key Engineering Materials
ISSN 1013-9826
Full text available online at http://www.scientific.net

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PREFACE
Nanoscience and nanotechnology are among the most widely used terms in the modern
scientific and technological literature. The idea of nanotechnology appeared for the first time
in the famous talk “There is Plenty of Room at the bottom” given by the physicist Richard
Feynman at the American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959.
Feynman described a process by which the ability to manipulate individual atoms and
molecules might be developed, using one set of precise tools to build and operate another
proportionally smaller set and so on down to the needed scale. In the course of this, he noted,
scaling issues would arise from the changing magnitude of various physical phenomena:
gravity would become less important whereas surface effects would become increasingly
more significant. The term “nanotechnology” was originally defined by Norio Taniguchi in
1974 as follows “Nano-technology mainly consists of the processing of separation,
consolidation and deformation of materials by one atom or by one molecule”.
Nanotechnology and nanoscience got started in the early 1980s with two major developments;
the advances in computing power and material modeling coupled with significant advances in
characterization such as the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and the atomic force
microscope (AFM).

The field of nanoscience and nanotechnology is now growing very rapidly. According to the
UK Royal Society, nanoscience is defined as the study of phenomena and manipulation of
materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ
significantly from those at a larger scale. Nanotechnologies are the design, characterization,
production, and application of structures, devices, and systems by controlling shape and size
at the nanoscale. Nanomaterials cross the boundary between nanoscience and
nanotechnologies and link these both areas together. Generally, nanomaterials deal with sizes
of 100 nanometers or smaller in at least one dimension. The material properties of
nanostructures are different from the bulk due to the high surface area over volume ratio and
possible appearance of quantum effects at the nanoscale. The study of size and shape effects
on material properties has attracted enormous attention due to their scientific and industrial
importance.
It is the aim of this book to present the size effect on different materials properties like the
thermal, electrical, magnetic, optical and mechanical ones. This book gives a rapid overview
on size as a new parameter that permits the tuning of material properties. The book is
separated into three parts. The first one presents a general overview of the nanoworld. The
second part is about the synthesis of nanoparticles and how the materials properties are
modified at the nanoscale. The third part concerns applications of nanotechnologies in the real
world as the nanostructured solar cells and the light emitting diodes. This book is composed
of 11 chapters written by experts in their respective fields. Chapter 1 from Wautelet is an
introductory chapter to the nanoworld. In Chapter 2, Pan et al. update the recent progress in
dealing with the coordination-resolved energetic and dynamic behavior of bonds in the low-
dimensional systems with consideration of the joint effect of temperature and pressure. In
chapter 3, Rodriguez et al. discuss size effect and shape stability of nanoparticles. In Chapter
4, Guisbiers, who is one of the Guest editors of this book, discusses how to obtain quantitative
information on nanomaterials from thermodynamics. In Chapter 5, Ganguli, who is the other
Guest editor of this book, considers the size effect in disordered nanoparticles. In Chapter 6,
Delogu et al. describe how to synthesize nanostructures. In Chapter 7, Yang et al. consider the
size effect on optical properties of semiconductor nanocrystals. In Chapter 8, Erb discusses
the size effect on mechanical properties. In Chapter 9, Zhao et al. examine the size effect on
thermal properties. The last two chapters written by Nanda and Vigil are about applications of
nanotechnology in particular the light emitting diodes and the nanostructured solar cells
respectively.
To present the different authors to the readers, a small curriculum vitae of each author is
included below with full contact details. The CVs are presented in alphabetical order.
___________________________________________________________________________
Elisabetta ARCA
Ph.D student
Trinity College, School of Physics, Dublin, Ireland
[email protected]
Phone : [phone]
Elisabetta Arca was born in Sassari in 1984. In 2006 she graduated in Chemistry and she took
the specialization in Inorganic and Physical-Chemistry in 2008. In the same year she moved
to Ireland where she is doing her PhD in Physics. Her current subject is the development of
TCO (Transparent Conductive Oxide) to be implemented in PV systems. In the past, she also
worked in different fields related to the renewable energy sector, including the development
of material to be implemented in PEM, lithium-ion batteries and hydrogen production, leading
to several publications on these topics.
___________________________________________________________________________
Hector BARRON-ESCOBAR
Ph.D Student
University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio TX 78249 USA.
http://physics.utsa.edu/ [email protected]
Phone: [phone] Fax: [phone]
I am working on the development of nanotechnology based on wide nanoparticles properties
for different applications such as cancer diagnosis and treatment, biological and chemical
sensing or nanoscale optical waveguides. These studies are performed using computer
simulations for different types of nanostructured materials.
___________________________________________________________________________
Jose Manuel CABRERA-TRUJILLO
Professor
Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí; Alvaro
Obregon 64, 78000 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
http://www.fciencias.uaslp.mx [email protected]
Phone: [phone] + 2942 Fax: [phone]
Jose Manuel Cabrera-Trujillo got his PhD at the Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi in
1994. He has been as postdoc stays at Departamento de Fisica, Universidad de Valladolid,
Spain, the Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de Guanajuato, Mexico, and at the Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, USA. He has been working in the field of
cluster physics since 1994, and recently on the field of nanoparticles since 2006. He is
working on the structural and energetics properties of nanoparticles using molecular dynamics
simulation. He has produced around 10 scientific papers, and press articles.
___________________________________________________________________________

Dr. Francesco DELOGU
Assistant Professor
University of Cagliari, Department of Chemical Engineering and
Materials Science, Cagliari, Italy
http://www.dicm.unica.it [email protected]
Phone : [phone] Fax : [phone]
Francesco Delogu graduated in Chemistry in 1995 and obtained his PhD degree for studies on
the kinetics of mechanochemical processes in 1999. In 2000, he joined the University of
Cagliari as an assistant professor. In 2003, he was elected distinguished young scientist in
Mechanochemistry. His research interests include the thermodynamics and kinetics of
nanomaterials, the mechanical properties of metallic glasses and the effects of mechanical
forces on chemical reactions. He published more than 120 papers in international peer-
reviewed journals.
___________________________________________________________________________
Dr. Uwe ERB
Professor
University of Toronto, Dept. Materials Science & Engineering, Toronto,
Canada
http://www.mse.utoronto.ca [email protected]
Phone : [phone] Fax : [phone]
Dr. Erb received his M.A.Sc. (1978) and Ph.D. (1980) in Materials Science from the
University of the Saarland (Germany). He currently is Professor in the Department of
Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Toronto. He is named as inventor on
several patents related to the synthesis of nanostructured materials by electrochemical
methods, and has authored close to 200 scientific publications in the field of nanomaterials.
Professor Erb and his research team were the first to synthesize fully dense nanostructured
materials in 1985, and have since continued to develop numerous industrial applications for
these materials with companies such as Nanometals Corporation (Kingston), Ontario Hydro
(Toronto) and Integran Technologies Inc., (Toronto).
___________________________________________________________________________
Dr. Dibyendu GANGULI
Ex-Head, Sol-Gel Division, CGCRI India. Presently
Advisor/Consultant in Materials Science.
Indian Ceramic Society, Kolkata, India.
[email protected]
Phone : [phone] Fax : [phone]
The major activity since 1980 has been in sol-gel processing of 0D to 3D materials.
Author/co-author of more than 150 papers, two books, eight book chapters and about fifteen
patents. Invited Professor at Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France. International
collaborative research with: (a) Bar-Ilan University , Israel; (b) Pierre and Marie Curie
University, France. He is member of the Editorial Board, Jour. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol.
(Springer, USA). His current scientific interests are size effects in melting and properties of
amorphous materials.
___________________________________________________________________________
Dr Mingxia GU
Researcher
Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), A*Star, Singapore
http://www.ihpc.a-star.edu.sg [email protected]
Phone : [phone]
Research interest includes the elastic modulus, lattice dynamics and expansion of low-
dimensional systems under high temperature and pressure and conferred a PhD degree at
Nanyang Technological University. She is currently working on the photonic-plasmonic-
electronic integrated circuits and systems. She has published about 20 papers in J. Phys.
Chem. B/C, Phys. Rev. B, J. Appl. Phys., J. Raman Spec., Photon Tech. Lett., Opt. Exp., etc.
___________________________________________________________________________
Dr. Grégory GUISBIERS
Researcher
Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Institute of Mechanics, Materials
and Civil Engineering, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
http://publicationslist.org/gregory.guisbiers [email protected]
Phone : [phone] Fax : [phone]
G. Guisbiers received his Ph. D. degree in Physics from the University of Mons-Hainaut in
Belgium in 2006. After a Post-Doctoral stay at the University of Aveiro in Portugal and at the
Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN) in France, he joined as
researcher the University of Louvain in Belgium. His researches focus on the prediction of
nanomaterials properties through a top-down approach and Nano/Micro-Electro-Mechanical
Systems (N/MEMS) characterization. He has authored over thirty papers in international peer
reviewed journals.
___________________________________________________________________________
Dr. Qing JIANG
Professor
Jilin University, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of
Education, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Changchun, China
http://dmse.jlu.edu.cn/jq/jiangqing.htm [email protected]
Phone : [phone] Fax : [phone]
Totally published 275 SCI papers, inclod on. The total self-exclusive citations from SCI
journals are 1399 while h-index = 22. Compose and participated in 7 bookmaking.
Current research interests: Phase transition and interface thermodynamics and kinetics of
nanomaterials; Size-dependent electronic and magnetic properties; High entropy light alloys;
Surface coatings of Magnesium alloys; Electronic materials in integrate circuit.
___________________________________________________________________________
Dr. Miguel JOSE-YACAMAN
Department Chair & Professor
The University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Physics &
Astronomy, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0697
[email protected]
Phone: [phone] Fax: [phone]
Miguel Jose-Yacaman got his PhD at The National University of Mexico (UNAM) in 1973.
He spent his Postdoc stay at Oxford University and NASA-AMES in USA. He was Director
of the institute of Physics at UNAM and the National Nuclear Institute of Mexico. He joined
The University of Texas at Austin in 2000 as a Chair and Professor. He is now at The
University of Texas at San Antonio, where he is Chair of the Physics & Astronomy
Department. Professor Yacaman is a pioneer on the field of nanoparticles and
nanotechnology, he has been working in this area since 1976. He has produced around 450
scientific papers and his work has been cited more than 5,000 times, he has mentor more than
100 graduate students and Postdoc. His present interest is in aberration corrected TEM-
STEM.