Sittig's handbook of pesticides and agricultural chemicals

998 Pages·2015·10.22 MB·English

by  Richard P Pohanish

Sittig’s Handbook of
Pesticides and Agricultural
Chemicals
Sittig’s Handbook of
Pesticides and Agricultural
Chemicals
Second Edition
Richard P. Pohanish
William Andrew is an imprint of Elsevier
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Copyright © 2015 Richard P Pohanish. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
First Edition 2005: Copyright © 2005 by William Andrew, Inc.
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NOTICE TO BE READ BY ALL USERS OF THIS PUBLICATION
Great care has been taken in the preparation of this cannot replace the training and experience of qualified and
reference work and, to the best knowledge of the Publisher prepared professionals, including first-response personnel.
and the Editors, the information contained herein is fac- Because information may not be available for some chem-
tual and accurate and the opinions expressed are those of icals, an absence of data does not necessarily mean that a
qualified experts. This publication is not intended as a pri- substance is not hazardous. For major incidents, it will be
mary source of research information. This publication is a necessary to obtain additional detailed information from
generic summary, designed to give the user a basic level other resources as well as more expertise from those with
of background information about the substances in ques- extensive training. Neither the Publisher nor the Editors
tion. Data are offered in this work solely for your consider- assume any liability or responsibility for completeness or
ation, investigation, and verification. The information and accuracy of the information presented or any damages of
data are not to be taken as a warranty or representation for any kind alleged to result in connection with, or arising
which the Publisher or Editors assume legal responsibility. from, the use of this work.
Furthermore, the Publisher does not assume any responsi- Final determination of the suitability of any information
bility or liability for the accuracy or completeness of, or for use contemplated by any user of this work, and the
consequences from, such information. The Publisher and manner of that use, is the sole responsibility of the user.
Editors make no representations and assume no liability Any use of these data and information must be determined
for any direct, incidental or consequential damages result- by the user to be in accordance with applicable federal,
ing from its use. The reader must accept therefore that this state, territorial, and local laws, and regulations. The
work has no legal status and cannot be relied upon in any Publisher and Editors recommend that anyone intending
legal proceedings. Mention of trade names or commercial to use any toxic, hazardous chemical, and/or carcinogenic
products in the work does not constitute endorsement or material mentioned in this work should satisfy themselves
recommendation for use by the Publisher or Editors. All as to such suitability, and that the user can meet all ap-
registered Trademarks, Service marks, and proprietary plicable safety and health standards. The Publisher and
names are the property of the owner. the Editors strongly encourage all readers, and users of
This reference is intended to provide information about chemicals, to adhere to, and follow, the manufacturers’ or
chemical hazards and guidelines for those trained in the suppliers’ current instructions, labels, technical bulletins,
proper use, application, and storage of hazardous materials, material safety data sheets (MSDSs), for specific use, han-
including pesticides and agricultural chemicals. It is also dling, protection (including the use of personal protective
for those trained to respond to hazardous materials spills, equipment and eye protection), and storage of all chem-
leaks, and accidents involving those materials. As with any ical materials, as well as the labels on original pesticide
reference, it cannot include all information or discuss all containers, listing ingredients, care and use directions,
situations that might occur. It cannot be assumed that all and first aid for poisoning. The Publisher and Editors also
necessary warnings and precautionary measures are con- strongly recommend that users obtain expert advice before
tained in this work, and that other, or additional, informa- implementing procedures involving any hazardous chemi-
tion or assessments may not be required. Most of all, it cals, materials, or carcinogens.
DEDICATION
Stanley A. Green
About the Editor
Richard P. Pohanish is the author of numerous technical and scientific works, including
Wiley Guide to Chemical Incompatibilities, Third Edition, HazMat Data for First Response,
Transportation, Storage, and Security, Second Edition, and (with Stanley A. Greene) The
Hazardous Substance Resource Guide, Second Edition, which was selected by the American
Library Association as a Notable Reference in 1994. Mr. Pohanish is also the editor of the
best-selling Sittig’s Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Sixth
Edition, Volumes I and II, also published by Elsevier, Inc., and Machinery’s Handbook
Pocket Companion published by Industrial Press.
Preface to the Second Edition xiii
Preface to the Second Edition
For more than thirty years Sittig’s Handbook of Toxic and a broad audience of interests: formulators, distributors,
Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens has been helping applicators, regulators, news outlets, worker protection
occupational, environmental, and emergency profession- professionals, and all responsible for the proper disposal
als by providing critical information in an easy-to-use and of pesticide and agricultural products. Many of the first
portable format. It is the objective and special challenge of edition’s directories have been eliminated. So much of this
this volume, a companion to Sittig’s Handbook, to focus information is not urgently needed by most users and is
on more than 450 pesticides and agricultural chemicals widely available on the Internet. Data are furnished, to the
and to offer the reader help and guidance in identifying extent currently available, in a multi-section uniform for-
and evaluating hazards associated with this important class mat to make it easy for users who wish to find information
of chemicals. The second edition of Sittig’s Handbook of quickly or to compare data within various records in any or
Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals offers essential ad- all of these important categories:
vice on dealing with the protection of working people – • Chemical Name
factory workers and field hands – emergency personnel • Use Type
and the public. This handbook is an important addition to • CAS Number
the collections of all who come in contact with pesticides • Formula
and agricultural chemicals at work or at home. • Alert
This second edition provides critical information on many • Synonyms
of the most-used pesticide materials and agricultural chem- • Trade Names
ical products of special interest. In keeping with the for- • Chemical Class
mat and spirit of Sittig’s Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous • EPA/OPP PC Code
Chemicals and Carcinogens, this work continues to cover • California DPR Chemical Code
regulated chemicals – which implies recognition by vari- • HSDB Number
ous government agencies and/or rule-making body – and to • UN/NA ERG Number
present new and valuable information within a handy single- • RTECS® Number
volume handbook. The main body of this work consists of • EC Numbers (includes Annex I Index numbers where
a series of monographs of products arranged in alphabeti- assigned)
cal order. All monographs are organized in a format similar • Uses
to those found in Sittig’s Handbook with common names, • U.S. Maximum Allowable Residue Levels (with CFR
chemical synonyms, trade names, chemical formulae, U.S. citations)
EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) • Human toxicity (long-term)
pesticide codes, EEC (European Economic Community) • Fish toxicity (threshold)
number, RTECS® (Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical • Regulatory Authority and Advisory Information
Substances), CAS (Chemical Abstract Service) numbers, • Description (appearance, odor, physical properties, fire
and other unique identifiers so that all who may have contact data, and water solubility)
with or interest in these pesticides can easily find needed • Incompatibilities
information. For example, the “Regulatory Authority and • Permissible Exposure Limits in Air
Advisory Information” section has been expanded, now • Determination in Air
containing current U.S. federal citations as well as selected • Permissible Concentration in Water
European and Californian (the largest agricultural state) • Determination in Water
sources. The latter includes potential groundwater pollut- • Routes of Entry
ants and the latest California Proposition 65 information • Harmful Effects and Symptoms
related to carcinogen and developmental dangers of spe- • Short Term Exposure
cific products. Also added are European and International • Long Term Exposure
hazard data, including important regulatory mandates and • Points of Attack
safety warnings, symbol codes, risk and safety phrases • Medical Surveillance
and, where assigned, WGK (German Aquatic Class) val- • First Aid
ues, Rotterdam Convention Annex III [Chemicals Subject • Personal Protective Methods
to the Prior Informed Consent Procedure (PIC)]; List • Respirator Selection
of Stockholm Convention Persistent Organic Pollutants • Storage
(POPs). Many records contain special warnings, including • Shipping
notes and reminders to health care professionals. Detailed • Spill Handling
discussions on all possible solutions to problems are not • Fire Extinguishing
feasible in the limited space available. Nevertheless, it is • Disposal Method Suggested
hoped the guidance and data provided will be of value to • References
xiv Preface to the Second Edition
It should be noted that a “regulated chemical” need not was compiled by utilizing important documents and
indicate that it is a “registered product.” Products are databases of agencies of federal, state, and foreign
constantly being registered, canceled, or transferred governments and prominent professional and advisory
in the United States by the Environmental Protection organizations. In particular, I want to acknowledge
Agency (EPA). Nevertheless these “canceled” products the good work of the United States Environmental
may be acceptable for use on crops in other countries. If, Protection Agency (EPA), United States Department of
for example, when pesticides are used on food products Labor: Occupational Safety and Health Administration
imported into the United States, they may be subjected (OSHA), The National Institute for Occupational
to inspection by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease
(USDA) at ports of entry. Control and Prevention (CDC), The Agency for Toxic
Although every effort has been made to produce an ac- Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), The
curate and highly useful handbook, the author appreciates National Library of Medicine (NLM), United States
the need for constant improvement. Any comments, cor- Department of Energy (DOE), National Toxicolgy
rections, or advice from readers and users of this book are Program (NTP), United States Department of Energy,
welcomed by the author, who asks that all correspondence United States Department of Agriculture, National
be submitted in writing and mailed to the publisher, who Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),
maintains a file for reprints and future editions. and The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).
At the U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters I wish to thank
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS the recently-retired Alan Schneider, D.Sc., of the
Marine Technical and Hazardous Materials Division.
First of all, a special thanks to Stanley A. Greene, who Thanks to the American Conference of Governmental
inspired and was the lead author of the first edition. I Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) for granting permission
wish to thank the following individuals and institutions to use threshold limit values (TLVs) from their
for their generous help with the first edition of this booklet entitled Threshold Limit Values for Chemical
work. Wendy Kramer, Administrative Librarian, and Substances and Physical Agents and Biological
Judith Foster, Information Technology Assistant, both Exposure Indices. This booklet is revised on an
at the USDA Agriculture Research Service, Eastern annual basis. Also thanks to Dr. Andrew Greene of the
Region Research Center in Wyndmoor, PA; and Ken University of Hertfordshire for his help and allowing
Pfeiffer, Pest Management Specialist/Agronomist, me to use parts of the University’s Pesticide Properties
USDA/NRCS National Water and Climate Center. Database (PPDB) developed by the Agriculture &
The library staff at the Delaware Valley College in Environment Research Unit (AERU), University of
Doylestown, PA, was most helpful in explaining the Hertfordshire, funded by UK national sources and the
information needs of professionals in the agriculture EU-funded FOOTPRINT project (FP6-SSP-022704). I
industry. The author would like to thank some am also grateful to my publisher, Matthew Deans, and
individuals and institutions, without whose expertise his excellent staff at Elsevier, Oxford, UK. I appreciate
and generous help the 2nd edition would not have the vigilant care of Peter Gane and Nicky Carter in
been possible. Much of the data for this volume preparing this work for publication.
Introduction xv
Introduction
A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances in- million tons (tonnes) of obsolete pesticides are scattered
tended to preserve crops by preventing, destroying, repel- throughout the developing world. These toxic chemicals,
ling, or mitigating a pest. Though often misunderstood to often stored outdoors in leaking containers, are seeping
refer only to insecticides, the term “pesticide” also applies into the soil and water.” In the U.S. alone, nearly five mil-
to herbicides, rodenticides, fungicides, miticides, and vari- lion chemical poisonings occur annually, resulting in thou-
ous other pest control substances and formulations. Under sands of deaths. According to the U.S. EPA, poison control
many laws, including those of the United States (FIFRA), centers respond to more than 3.6 million calls each year
a pesticide is also any substance or formulation intended (approximately one call every eight seconds). According
for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant. And, to the American Association of Poison Centers and data
because they are designed to kill or otherwise adversely collected from poison centers, nearly 150,000 calls are
affect living organisms, pesticides are inherently toxic and made with concerns about exposure to common household
most of them create some risk of harm to humans, ani- pesticides. About half of these calls involve young chil-
mals, useful insects, such as bees, or the environment At dren. Still fresh in one’s mind is the world’s worst indus-
the same time, pesticides are important and useful to so- trial accident on the night of December 2, 1984. In Bophal,
ciety because they can preserve crops by killing potential India, an estimated 7500 to 8000 people died initially, and
disease-causing organisms and control insects, rodents, more than 25,000 total, from a leak of methyl isocyanate
weeds, and other pests[94]. gas. Methyl isocyanate is used as an intermediate chemical
Following are important facts and trends about the global in the production of carbamate pesticides. Local news out-
market for pesticides and its single largest market, the lets frequently report incidents that do not reach national
United States. In February 2011 the EPA’s report, Pesticide attention. In the mid-90s near Bakersfield, California,
Industry Sales and Usage: 2006 and 2007 Market 22 farm workers, including three pregnant women, were
Estimates, contained the latest statistics on agricultural and affected when a crop-dusting plane applied a mixture of
nonagricultural use and sales of pesticides. The previous chlorpyrifos, fenpropathrin, and profenofos to a neighbor-
report on pesticide industry sales and usage was published ing cotton field. In addition, as many as 225 farm workers
by the EPA in 2001. Approximately 5.2 billion pounds of in nearby grape fields were exposed from the “air drift.”
pesticides were used worldwide in both 2006 and 2007 Most were hospitalized and later released. In another,
and world expenditures on pesticides totaled more than more recent incident (June 2013 in Wilsonville, Oregon),
$35.8 billion in 2006 and more than $39.4 billion in 2007. a massive bumblebee kill occurred. It was reported to be
By comparison, in 2001 worldwide expenditures totaled the largest mass poisoning of its kind documented to date
more than $32 billion. Herbicides accounted for the largest and it impacted an estimated 50,000 bumble bees (300-
portion of total use, followed by other pesticides, insecti- plus colonies) following application of a relatively new
cides, and fungicides. In 2007, the United States accounted and controversial group of chemicals known as of neonics
for 22% of total world pesticide amount used and sales (neonicotinoids are similar to nicotine). Neonics were used
amounted to approximately $12.5 billion, or almost one- to control sticky residue-secreting insects on ornamental
third of the world’s overall expenditures. Eighty percent linden trees. The trees were sprayed because the aphids
of all U.S. pesticide use was in agriculture. Between 2000 were a nuisance to parked automobiles. These chemicals
and 2007 total pounds of U.S. pesticides used decreased are the subject of a recent ban (limited, for the time being,
by 8% from 1.2 to 1.1 billion pounds. From 2002 to 2007 to 2 years) in the European Union[114].
use of conventional pesticides decreased about 3% and the The widespread use of pesticides and other chemicals on
decrease was down 11% from 1997 to 2007[94]. our food supply and other crops is a constant, potential
Among the top 10 pesticides used in the agricultural mar- threat to the health and economic livelihood of millions of
ket (in terms of pounds applied) were the herbicides gly- farm workers. In the U.S. alone this workforce is estimated
phosate, atrazine, metolachlor-S, acetochlor, 2,4-D, and to be approximately 2.5 million, with California employ-
pendimethalin, and the fumigants metam-sodium, dichlo- ing more than 600,00. These workers face the highest rate
ropropene, methyl bromide, and chloropicrin. Herbicides of chemical-related illness of any occupational group in a
were also the most widely used type of pesticide in the workplace. Moreover, in many cases, collateral exposure in
home and garden and industrial, commercial, and govern- their homes and drinking water occurs. It can be assumed
mental market sectors, and the herbicides 2,4-D and gly- that not all cases are reported and that pesticides can have
phosate were the most widely used active ingredients[94]. a long-term effect on workers and their families, including
The toxic chemicals problem in the United States, and cancer, neurological disorders, and infertility, from run-off
indeed in all the world, is frightening and news sto- into their water supply, from ambient air, and from living
ries abound. According to the Food and Agricultural in or near fields that have been treated with pesticides.
Organization of the United Nations Programme on the Readers may find that some of the products covered in this
Prevention and Disposal of Obsolete Pesticides, “half a volume’s monographs may be “unregistered” or “c anceled”
xvi Introduction
for use in some countries. Nevertheless, many of these • Fungicides: Kill fungi (including blights, mildews,
pesticides may be legally manufactured, formulated, and molds, and rusts).
supplied by one country and sold to customers in other • Fumigants: Produce gas or vapor intended to destroy
countries. In other words, “canceled” or “non-registered” pests in buildings or soil.
“obsolete” or “banned” products may still be acceptable • Herbicides: Kill weeds, grasses and other plants that
for use somewhere in the world; and, for that reason, these grow where they are not wanted. May be organic or
have been included. The use of this reference is not meant inorganic.
to be a substitute for environmental or workplace hazard • Insect growth regulators: Disrupt the molting, matu-
communication programs required by regulatory bodies rity from pupal stage to adult, or other life processes of
such as U.S. EPA, USDA, or OSHA, and/or any other U.S., insects.
foreign, or international regulatory agencies. If data are re- • Insecticides: Kill insects and arthropods.
quired for legal purposes, the original source documents • Miticides: Kill mites, ticks, and spiders that feed on
and appropriate agencies, which are referenced, should be plants and animals. Also called acaricides.
consulted. • Microbial pesticides: Microorganisms that kill, in-
hibit, or out-compete pests, including insects or other
How to Use This Book microorganisms.
• Molluscicides: Kill snails and slugs.
More than 400 pesticide and agricultural chemical sub- • Nematicides: Kill nematodes (microscopic, worm-like
stances are profiled in this reference work and the infor- organisms that feed on plant roots).
mation is organized into sections described here. When a • Ovicides: Kill eggs of insects and mites.
category is omitted from a monograph, it usually indicates • Pheromones: Biochemicals used to disrupt the mating
a lack of available information; and, rather than indicate behavior of insects.
“no information.” that category has been removed to con- • Piscicides: Kill fish.
serve space for additional pesticide materials. • Plant growth regulators: Substances (excluding fer-
Chemical Name: Each record is arranged alphabetically tilizers or other plant nutrients) that alter the expected
by a chemical name used by regulatory and advisory bod- growth, flowering, or reproduction rate of plants.
ies. In most cases, this is not a product or trade name. See • Predacides: Kill vertebrate predators.
also “Synonyms” and “Trade Names” below. • Repellents: Repel pests, including insects (such as mos-
Use Type: The general agricultural use is given, e.g., quitoes) and birds.
herbicide, insecticide, fungicide, rodenticide, miti- • Rodenticides: Control mice and other rodents.
cide, fertilizer, biocide, etc. The U.S. Department of • Synergists: Improve the performance of another pesti-
Agriculture recognizes the following types of pesticides cide. Usually an inert ingredient.
that are related because they are used against the same CAS Number: The CAS number is a unique identifier
type of pests. assigned to each chemical registered with the Chemical
• Acaricides: Kill mites, ticks, and spiders that feed on Abstracts Service (CAS) of the American Chemical
plants and animals. Also called miticides. Society. CAS numbers, in the format nnn…-nn-n, [two or
• Algicides: Control algae in lakes, canals, swimming more numeric characters (dash) two numeric characters
pools, water tanks, and other sites. (dash) followed by a single numeric check digit]. CAS
• Antifouling agents: Kill or repel organisms that attach to numbers should always be used in conjunction with sub-
underwater surfaces, such as boat bottoms. stance names to ensure positive identification and avoid
• Antimicrobials: Kill microorganisms (such as bacteria confusion with like-sounding names, e.g., benzene (71-
and viruses). 43-2) and benzine (8032-32-4). This 2nd edition contains
• Attractants: Attract pests, e.g., to lure an insect or rodent some alternate CAS numbers that may now be considered
to a trap. Food is not considered a pesticide when used related, retired, obsolete and/or widely and incorrectly used
as an attractant. in the literature. In this section, the first CAS number(s),
• Avicides: Kill birds. before the word “alternate,” is considered (based on sev-
• Biopesticides: These are certain types of pesticides de- eral sources) to be the correct CAS number(s). Ultimately,
rived from such natural materials as animals, plants, it is the responsibility of the user to find and use the cor-
bacteria, and certain minerals. rect number.
• Biocides: Kill microorganisms. Formula: Generally, this has been limited to a com-
• Defoliants: Cause leaves or other foliage to drop from monly used one-line empirical or atomic formula. In
a tree or growing plant, usually to facilitate harvest. most cases for organic compounds, the Hill system has
Various highly persistent types have been used by the been used, showing number of carbons (if present),
military. number of hydrogens (if present), and then alphabeti-
• Desiccants: Promote drying of living tissues, such as cally by element.
unwanted plant tops. Alert: This section serves as a notice of particularly
• Disinfectants and sanitizers: Kill or inactivate dangerous attributes of a chemical or pesticide, such as
disease-producing microorganisms on inanimate objects. phosphine.