Sittig's Handbook of Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals

1163 Pages·2005·8.55 MB·English

by  Greene

Sittig's Handbook of
Pesticides and Agricultural
Chemicals
Edited by
Stanley A. Greene
and
Richard P. Pohanish
William Andrew
Publishing
Norwich, NY,U .S.A.
NOTICE
This reference is intended to provide data about chemical express or implied, is made. Information may not be
hazards and guidelines for those trained in the proper use available for some chemicals; consequently, an
and application of pesticides and agricultural chemicals absence of data does not necessarily mean that a
and trained to respond to hazardous materials spills and substance is not hazardous. For major incidents it will
accidents. It is not intended as a primary source of be necessary to obtain additional detailed information
research information. As with any reference, it cannot from other resources as well as more expertise from
include all information or discuss all situations that those with more extensive training. Neither the
might occur. It cannot be assumed that all necessary publisher nor the editors assume any liability or
warnings and precautionary measures are contained responsibility for completeness or accuracy of the
in this work, and that other, or additional, information presented or any damages of any kind
information or assessments may not be required. alleged to result in connection with, or arising from,
Most of all, it cannot replace the training and the use of this book. The publisher and the editors
experience of individual responders. Extreme care strongly encourage all readers, and users of
has been taken in the preparation of this work and, to chemicals, to follow the manufacturers' or suppliers'
the best knowledge of the publisher and the editors, current instructions, technical bulletins, and material
the information presented is accurate and no safety data sheets (MSDSs) for specific use, handling,
warranty is expressed or implied. No warranty, and storage of all chemical materials.
Preface
This companion to Sittig’s Handbook of Toxic and • U.S. TRI
Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens provides • IARC
chemical, regulatory, health, and safety information on • Label Signal Word
nearly 800 pesticides and other agricultural chemicals. • WHO Acute Hazard
These products are organized with common names, • Endocrine Disruptor
chemical synonyms, trade names, chemical formulae, • Regulatory Authority
US EPA (United States Environmental Protection • Description (and physical properties)
Agency) pesticide codes, EEC (European Economic • Incompatibilities
Community), EINECS (European Inventory of Existing • Permissible Exposure Limits in Air
Commercial Substances), RTECS (Registry of Toxic • Determination in Air
Effects of Chemical Substances), CAS (Chemical • Permissible Concentration in Water
Abstract Service numbers), and other unique identifiers • Determination in Water
so that all who may have contact with, or interest in • Routes of Entry
them can find needed information quickly. • Harmful Effects and Symptoms
For the most part, and in keeping with the broad • Short Term Exposure
changes initiated with the fourth edition of Sittig’s • Long Term Exposure
Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and • Points of Attack
Carcinogens, this work is focused on “regulated • Medical Surveillance
chemicals.” This implies recognition by some • First Aid
government agency, or rule-making body. For example, • References
the “Regulatory Authority” section has been expanded, It should be noted that a “regulated chemical” need not
now containing U.S. federal listings as well as those for indicate that it is a “registered product.” Products are
California, the largest agricultural state. Data is constantly being registered, canceled, or transferred in
furnished, to the extent currently available, in a multi- the U.S. by the EPA. Nevertheless they may be
section uniform format to make it easy for users who acceptable in other countries. When used on food
wish to find information quickly, or to compare data products imported into the U.S., they may be subjected
within various records in any or all of these important to inspection by the USDA (U.S. Department of
categories: Agriculture) at ports of entry.
• Chemical Name Although every effort has been made to produce an
• Use Type accurate and highly useful handbook, the author
• CAS Number appreciates the need for constant improvement. Any
• Formula comments, corrections, or advice from users of this
• Alert book are welcomed by the author who asks that all
• Synonyms correspondence be submitted in writing and mailed to
• Trade Names the publisher who maintains a file for reprints and
• Producers future editions.
• Chemical Class
• EPA/OPP PC Code ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• California DPR Chemical Code
• ICSC Number The authors would like to thank the following
• RTECS Number individuals and institutions, without whose
• EEC Number encouragement and generous help, this work would not
• EINECS Number have been possible. Wendy Kramer, Administrative
• Uses Librarian, and Judith Foster, Information Technology
• Human toxicity (long-term) Assistant, both at the USDA Agriculture Research
• Fish toxicity (threshold) Service, Eastern Region Research Center in
• U.S. Maximum Allowable Residue Levels (with Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania; and Ken Pfeiffer, Pest
CFR citations) Management Specialist/Agronomist, USDA/NRCS
• Carcinogen/Hazard Classifications National Water and Climate Center. The library staff at
• U.S. EPA Carcinogens the Delaware Valley College in Doylestown,
• U.S. NTP Pennsylvania, was most helpful in describing the
• California Prop. 65 information needs of students and professionals in the
agriculture industry. We are also extremely grateful to
our publisher, Bill Woishnis, his excellent staff. We the vigilant care of Valerie Haynes and Betty Leahy in
want to thank our editor, Millicent Treloar, for her the preparation of this work for publication.
many suggestions and encouragement. We appreciate
CONTENTS
Preface .............................................................. ix
Introduction .......................................................... xi
How to Use This Book .............................................. xi
Key to Abbreviations, Symbols, and Acronyms ............................. xlv
Pesticide Records A to Z ................................................. 1
Bibliography......................................................... 917
Appendix A: List of Companies Cited ..................................... 921
Appendix B: Directory of Agrochemical Manufacturers ....................... 928
Appendix C: Directory of Federal and International Regulatory Agencies
for the Environment and Pesticides ................................... 971
Appendix D: Directory of State Regulatory Agencies
for the Environment and Pesticides Management ......................... 983
Appendix E: Directory of Industrial and Professional Agrochemical
and Food-related Organizations ...................................... 990
Appendix F: Directory of Useful Hotlines, Databases, and Web Sites ........... 1006
Appendix G: Agrochemical Web Sites: Sources of Information
about Agrochemicals and Food Safety ................................ 1013
Index 1: Synonym and Trade Name-Cross Index ........................... 1017
Index 2: Index of EPA Product Codes .................................... 1179
Index 3: CAS Number-Cross Index ...................................... 1184
Introduction
Each year~ over 350 billion pounds of toxic chemicals are "agroterrorism."
manufactured. In the United States over 1.20 billion The use of pesticides and agricultural chemicals has been
pounds of pesticides are used annually by industry~ the theme of numerous books and database materials.
government and homeowners. In 200L worldwide
expenditures on pesticides totaled more than $32 billion~ However~ none of these resources publish a clear~ quick~
with herbicides accounting for 40% of the total followed and concise reference containing hazard information with
by insecticides~ fungicides and other types of pesticides. a focus on identification~ regulation and food product
One third of the world's overall expenditures for pesticides usage. This is the goal of Sittig's Handbook of Pesticides
come from the U.S. and Agricultural .'hacimehC
The toxic chemicals problem in the United States~ and This book highlights critical data on nearly 800 important
indeed in all the world~ is frightening with abundant news and/or regulated toxic and hazardous chemicals that are
stories abound. In the night of December ~2 1984~ in used as pesticides in agriculture or in residential and
BophaL India~ 7~000 people died from a leak of methyl commercial applications. In addition to pesticides~
isocyanate gas~ causing the world's worst industrial hundreds of fertilizers~ plant and insect growth regulators~
accident. and biocides are covered. Many of these chemicals are not
In the U.S. alone~ nearly five million chemical poisonings allowed to be used in the United States but many have
occur in the United States annually~ resulting in thousands worldwide application. Others products are manufactured
of deaths. A good preponderance of those are from or formulated in one country (such as the United States)
pesticides and other chemicals used in agriculture. Local and shipped to other parts of the world to be used on
news outlets frequently report incidents that do not reach another country's agricultural products.
national attention. Near Bakersfield~ California~ 22 farm Here is an important addition to the libraries of all persons
workers were poisoned when crop dusting plane applied a engaged in agriculture~ e.g. food processing~ pesticide and
mixture of chlorpyrifos~ fenpropathrin~ and profenofos to agrochemical manufacturing/formulating~ agriculture
a neighboring cotton field. In addition~ as many as 225 extension personnel agricultural and environmental
farm workers in nearby grape fields were exposed and later management~ pesticide applicators~ and food safety
released. scientists and toxicologists. In addition~ industrial
The widespread use of pesticides and other chemicals on hygienists and industrial safety engineers~ lawyers~
our food supply and other crops is a constanL potential physicians~ legislators~ enforcement officials~ emergency
threat to the health and economic livelihood of millions of response personnel technical librarians~ and waste disposal
farm workers. These workers face the highest rate of operators will also find essential information in this
chemical-related illness of any occupational group in a resource.
workplace. Moreover~ in many cases~ collateral exposure The use of this reference is not meant to be a substitute for
in their homes and drinking water occurs. In June~ ~9991 environmental or workplace hazard communication
the coalition Californians for Pesticide Reform (CPR) programs require by regulatory bodies such as EPA~
published Fields of Poison: California Farmworkers and USDA~ or OSHA~ and/or any other U.S. foreign~ or
Pesticides which presented data on the use and international government agencies. If data are required for
ramifications of the use of pesticides based on a report by legal purposes~ the original source documents and
the California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR). appropriate agencies~ which are referenced~ should be
For five years beginning in 1991~ DPR reported nearly consulted.
4~000 cases of pesticide poisoning in farmworkers. It can Following the Introduction is a key to the abbreviations and
be assumed that not all cases are reported and that acronyms used in the handbook.
pesticides can have a long-term affect on workers and their
families from run-off into their water supply~ from ambient How to Use This Book
~ria and from living in or near fields that have been treated
with pesticides. Nearly 800 substances are profiled in this reference and the
The treatment of pesticide poisoning stretches far beyond information is organized into sections described here.
state borders. U.S. sales for food and feed crops were When a category is omitted~ it indicates a lack of available
halted in 1989 because of health considerations caused by information.
the Alar scare on apples. An entire industry was halted for Chemical Name: Each record is arranged alphabetically by
months. And today~ the mere idea of intentionally a chemical name used by regulatory and advisory
poisoning our food supply with pesticides or
bodies. In most cases~ this is not a product name or trade
microorganisms has given rise to a new threat -
name.
Use Type: The general agricultural use is given, e.g., plants.
herbicide, insecticide, fungicide, rodenticide, miticide, • Predacides: Kills vertebrate predators.
fertilizer, biocide, etc. The U.S. Department of Agriculture • Repellents: Repel pests, including insects (such as
recognizes the following types of pesticides that are related mosquitoes) and birds.
because they are used against the same type of pests. • Rodenticides: Control mice and other rodents.
• Acaricides: Kill mites, ticks, and spiders that feed on • Synergists: Improves the performance of another
plants and animals. Also called miticides. pesticide. Usually an inert ingredient.
• Algicides: Control algae in lakes, canals, swimming CAS Number: The CAS number is a unique identifier
pools, water tanks, and other sites. assigned to each chemical registered with the Chemical
• Antifouling agents: Kill or repel organisms that attach Abstracts Service (CAS) of the American Chemical
to underwater surfaces, such as boat bottoms. Society. This number is used to identify chemicals on the
• Antimicrobials: Kill microorganisms (such as bacteria basis of their molecular structure. CAS numbers, in the
and viruses). format xxx-xx-x, can be used in conjunction with chemical
• Attractants: Attract pests, e.g., to lure an insect or names for positive identification. CAS numbers should
rodent to a trap. Food is not considered a pesticide always be used in conjunction with substance names to
when used as an attractant. avoid confusion with like-sounding names, like benzene
• Avicide: Kill birds (71-43-2) and benzine (8032-32-4).
• Biopesticides: These are certain types of pesticides Formula: Generally, this has been limited to a commonly
derived from such natural materials as animals, plants, used one-line chemical formula. In the case of some
bacteria, and certain minerals. organic compounds it has been possible to represent
• Biocides: Kill microorganisms. chemical structure.
• Defoliants: Cause leaves or other foliage to drop from Alert: This section serves as an notice of particular
a tree or growing plant, usually to facilitate harvest. information that does not fit neatly into other categories in
Various highly persistent types have been used by the the chemical record, such as special regulatory actions and
military. EPA designations.
• Desiccants: Promote drying of living tissues, such as Synonyms: This section contains scientific, product, trade,
unwanted plant tops. and other synonym names that are commonly used for each
• Disinfectants and sanitizers: Kill or inactivate disease- hazardous substance. Some of these names are registered
producing microorganisms on inanimate objects. trade names. Some are provided in other major languages
• Fungicides: Kill fungi (including blights, mildews, other than English including Spanish, French, German,
molds, and rusts). Dutch, Polish, and Italian. In some cases, "trivial" and
• Fumigants: Produce gas or vapor intended to destroy important nicknames (such as TDE for
pests in buildings or soil. tetrachlorodiphenylethane) have been included because
• Herbicides: Kill weeds, grasses and other plants that they are frequently used in general communications, in the
grow where they are not wanted. May be organic or workplace, and in regulatory matters. This section is
inorganic. important because the various "regulatory" lists published
• Insect growth regulators: Disrupt the molting, maturity by federal, state, international, and advisory bodies and
from pupal stage to adult, or other life processes of agencies often use different names for the same pesticides
insects. and agricultural chemicals. Every attempt has been made to
• Insecticides: Kill insects and arthropods. ensure the accuracy of the synonyms and trade names
• Miticides: Kill mites, ticks, and spiders that feed on found in this volume, but errors are inevitable in
plants and animals. Also called acaricides. compilations of this magnitude. Please note that this
• Microbial pesticides: Microorganisms that kill, inhibit, volume may not include the names of all products currently
or out compete pests, including insects or other in commerce, particularly mixtures, that may contain
microorganisms. regulated chemicals. The synonym index contains all
• Molluscicides: Kill snails and slugs. synonym names listed in alphabetical order. It should be
• Nematicides: Kill nematodes (microscopic, worm-like noted that organic chemical prefixes and interpolations
organisms that feed on plant roots). such as a, t, o,oA, or other Greek letters; o- (ortho-), m-
• Ovicides: Kill eggs of insects and mites. (meta-); p- (para-); as- or asym- (asymmetric), prim-
• Pheromones: Biochemicals used to disrupt the mating (primary), sec- (secondary), trans-, cis-, n- (normal-), and
behavior of insects. numerals are
• Piscicides: Kills fish. not treated as part of the chemical name for the purposes of
• Plant growth regulators: Substances (excluding alphabetization.
fertilizers or other plant nutrients) that alter the Trade Names: Most of the registered trade names included
expected growth, flowering, or reproduction rate of in this work are in current use or were registered at one
time in the United States. In many cases, the trade names closely (but not always precisely) to the UN listing.(20)
are also marketed in foreign markets; where available, Uses: This is a brief summary of agricultural applications
trade names of pesticides made by foreign manufacturers and uses found for the substance in other fields. For
and marketed primarily in foreign markets are also specific crops, target insects, weeds, varmints and fungi,
included. the user is referred to the reference sources sited at the end
Producers: The companies named here are major of each chemical listing. In many cases, the pesticides are
manufacturers of the agrochemicals or the registered trade not registered for use in the U.S. but are used in other
names. Each company is identified with the country where countries.
their main headquarters are. Not included are companies U.S. Maximum Allowable Residue Levels: These are the
that repackage the principal chemicals into their own tolerance levels, in parts per million (ppm), for individual
products such as formulators, wholesalers, distributors, crops. The tolerance levels are established by the EPA and
farm co-ops, importers, and exporters. Also not included reported in 40 CFR 180. Readers are cautioned that these
are those companies, many of whom are major levels for country-wide usages and are reviewed and
manufacturers, who hold licenses to market products of modified frequently to reflect regulatory changes, petitions
other producers in various countries. by individual companies, or scientific developments;
Chemical Class: This field describes pesticide family, i.e., consequently, be encouraged to verify the tolerances in the
carbamate, organophosphate, triazine, etc.; or the chemical EPA web site. State exceptions to the federal standards are
family, i.e., aromatic amine, aldehyde, inorganic metals, not included here.
halogenated organic compounds, etc. Human toxicity (long-term): This field contains 3 items:
EPA/OPP PC Code: This field contains the six-digit The hazard rating/long-term toxicity level (ppb)/toxicity
pesticide code assigned by the US EPA. type. This represents a relative long-term toxicity index for
California DPR Chemical Code: This field contains the humans. The hazard rating (Extra High, High, Intermediate,
pesticide code assigned by the California Department of Low, Very Low) are indicators of the relative risk to
Pesticide Registration (DPR). humans. The figure in ppb is calculated with respect for
ICSC Number: International Chemical Safety Cards humans by the US EPA. The last item in this field is the
summarize essential information on chemical substances toxicology “type” for the value expressed in ppb. Toxicities
and are developed cooperatively by the International are based on availability in the priority order: MCL, HA,
Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) and the and CHCL. HA is used for Cancer Groups C, D, E, and
Commission of the European Union (EC). Unclassified. CHCL is used for Cancer Groups A, B1 and
RTECS Number: The RTECS numbers (Registry of B2 when MCL is unavailable.
Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances) are assigned and • MCL (EPA’s Maximum Contaminant Level). Maximum
published by NIOSH. The RTECS number in the format permissible long-term pesticide concentration allowed in
ABxxxxxxx may be useful for online searching for a public water source.
additional toxicologic information on specific substances. • HA (Health Advisory) Determined by the US EPA
For example, it can be used to provide access to the Office of Water (OW). The concentration of a chemical
MEDLARS® computerized literature retrieval services of in drinking water that is not expected to cause any
the National Library of Medicine in Washington, DC. adverse non-carcinogenic effects over the lifetime
EEC Number: The EEC and identification number is used exposure with a margin of safety. In accordance with
by the European Economic Community. OW policy, Health Advisories are not calculated for
EINECS Number: An identification number from chemicals that are known or probable carcinogens (EPA
“European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Cancer class A and B).
Substances,” published by the European Community, • CHCL* (Chronic Human Carcinogen Level, calculated).
Luxembourg, Brussels. The concentration at which there is a 1 in 100,000
Use of these identification numbers for hazardous materials probability of contracting cancer. A CHCL provides a
will (a) serve to verify descriptions of chemicals; (b) concentration comparable to an MCL.
provide for rapid identification of materials when it might Fish toxicity (threshold): This field contains three items:
be inappropriate or confusing to require the display of The hazard rating/toxicity threshold (ppb)/toxicity type.
lengthy chemical names on vehicles; (c) aid in speeding The hazard rating (Extra High, High, Intermediate, Low,
communication of information on materials from accident Very Low) is based on Maximum Acceptable Toxicant
scenes and in the receipt of more accurate emergency Concentration (MATC), the soluble pesticide toxicity level
response information; and (d) provide a means for quick for fish that is an indicator of the relative risk to the
access to immediate emergency response information in the environment. The hazard rating is followed by the fish
“North American Emergency Response Guidebook.”(31) In toxicity threshold for an active ingredient expressed in parts
this latter volume, the various compounds have assigned per billion (ppb) and determined empirically by performing
"ID Numbers" or identification numbers which correspond long-term or life-stage toxicity tests. The final item is this
field contains the type of toxicity for the toxicity threshold it would likely cause cancer in humans. See
(MATC). http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/roc/toc10.html#toc
Carcinogen/Hazard Classifications: California Prop. 65: California's Proposition 65, The Safe
U.S. EPA Carcinogens: The EPA has evaluated chemicals Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986,
for their carcinogenic potential according to “Proposed requires that warnings be given to individuals exposed to
Guidelines for Carcinogenic Risk Assessment,” published substances which cause cancer or reproductive toxicity.
April 23, 1996 in the Federal Register (FR: 17960-18011) Chemicals Known to the State to Cause Cancer or
U.S. NTP: The National Toxicology Program, U.S. Reproductive Toxicity is published each year and describes
Department of Health and Human Services, 10th Report on the type of toxicity (cancer; male and/or female
Carcinogens. Coordinates studies from several government developmental), the CAS number, and the date listed or
agencies and classifies results in two categories: delisted. For updated information, see
• Known to be a human carcinogen: There is sufficient http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/files/P65sin
evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans gle061104a.pdf
which indicates a causal relationship between exposure U.S. TRI: The Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) is an EPA
to the agent, substance or mixture and human cancer. database that contains information on toxic chemical
• Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen: There releases and other waste management activities reported by
is limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in industrial and federal facilities. If the agrichemical is
humans, which indicates that causal interpretation is reported by TRI as a known carcinogen, it is indicated
credible, but that alternative explanations, such as here.
chance, bias or confounding factors, could not IARC: The International Agency for Research on Cancer
adequately be excluded; or there is sufficient evidence of (IARC) coordinates and conducts both epidemiological and
carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals laboratory research into the causes of cancer. See
which indicates there is an increased incidence of www.iarc.fr.
malignant and/or a combination of malignant and benign Label Signal Word: The EPA assigns a signal word that
tumors: (1) in multiple species or at multiple tissue sites, is a description of the short-term (acute) toxicity of a
or (2) by multiple routes of exposure, or (3) to an formulated product. It must be displayed on product labels
unusual degree with regard to incidence, site or type of to alert users to potential hazards. There are four categories
tumor, or age at onset; or there is less than sufficient of signal words; their levels are shown below. Formulated
evidence of carcinogenicity in humans or laboratory products contain both active and inert or other ingredients.
animals, however; the agent, substance or mixture Examples of inert ingredients are carriers, stickers,
belongs to a well defined, structurally-related class of solvents, and adjuvants.
substances whose members are listed in a previous WHO Acute Hazard: The acute risk to health over a
Report on Carcinogens as either a known to be human relatively short period of time, as established by the World
carcinogen or reasonably anticipated to be human Health Organization (WHO). See
carcinogen, or there is convincing relevant information www.inchem.org/documents/pds/pdsother/class.pdf
that the agent acts through mechanisms indicating
HAZARD CATEGORY I CATEGORY II CATEGORY III CATEGORY IV
INDICATORS
Signal Words Danger Warning Caution Caution
Oral LD 0-50 mg/kg 50-500 mg/kg 500-5000 mg/kg >5000 mg/kg
50
Dermal LD 0-200 mg/kg 200-2000 mg/kg 2000-20,000 mg/kg > 20,000 mg/kg
50
Inhalation LC 0-0.2 mg/l 0.2-2.0 mg/l 2.0-20 mg/l >20 mg/l
50
Eye Effects Corrosive corneal Corrosive corneal No corneal opacity; No irritation
opacity not opacity reversible irritation reversible
reversible within 7 within 7 days; within 7 days
days irritation for 7 days
Skin Effects Corrosive Severe irritation at 72 Moderate irritation at Mild or slight
hours 72 hours irritation at 72
hours.
Source: 40CFR156.64 (February 12, 2002)
The LD value is a statistical estimate of the number of mg of toxicant per kg of body weight required to kill 50% of
50
a large population of test animals.
Class LD for the rat (mg/kg body weight)
50
Oral Dermal
Solids* Liquids* Solids* Liquids*
Ia Extremely hazardous 5 or less 20 or less 10 or less 40 or less
Ib Highly hazardous 5 – 50 20 – 200 10–100 40 – 400
II Moderately hazardous 50 – 500 200 - 2000 100 – 1000 400 – 4000
III Slightly hazardous Over 500 Over 2000 Over 1000 Over 4000b
*Note: The terms "solids" and "liquids" refer to the physical state of the active ingredient being classified. The LD value
50
is a statistical estimate of the number of mg of toxicant per kg of body weight required to kill 50% of a large population
of test animals.
Endocrine Disruptor: EPA defines endocrine disruptors pre-1989 PELs. The transitional limits that were
as compounds that “interfere with the synthesis, vacated by court order have not been included. The
secretion, transport, binding, action, or elimination of NIOSH and ACGIH airborne limits are
natural hormones in the body that are responsible for the recommendations that do not carry the force of law.
maintenance of homeostasis (normal cell metabolism), • A substance whose allowable concentrations in
reproduction, development, and/or behavior.” Many workplace air are adopted or proposed by the American
endocrine disruptors are thought to mimic hormones, Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists(1),
such as estrogen or testosterone. They have chemical Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research
properties similar to hormones that allow binding to Society).(3) Substances whose allowable concentrations
hormone specific receptors on the cells of target organs. in air and other safety considerations have been
More information on endocrine effects can be found at considered by OSHA and NIOSH(2).Substances which
the EPA Endocrine home page at have limits set in workplace air, in residential air, in
http://www.epa.gov.endocrine. water for domestic purposes or in water for fishery
Regulatory Authority: Contains a listing of major purposes as set forth by the former USSR-
regulatory jurisdictions and authorities. Many law or UNEP/IRPTC Project.(43)
regulatory references in this work have been abbreviated. • Substances that are specifically regulated by OSHA
For example, Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations, under 29CFR1910.1001 to 29CFR1910.1050
Part 261, subpart 32 has been abbreviated as • Highly hazardous chemicals, toxics, and reactives
40CFR261.32. The symbol “§” may be used as well to regulated by OSHA’s “Process Safety Management of
designate a section or part. Under the title of each Highly Hazardous Chemicals” under 29CFR1910.119,
substance, there are designations indicating whether the Appendix A.
substance is: • Substances that are Hazardous Air Pollutants (Title I,
• A carcinogen (the agency making such a determination, Part A, Section 112) as amended under 42USC7412.
the nature of the carcinogenicity — whether human or This list provided for regulating at least 189 specific
animal and whether positive or suspected, are given in substances using technology-based standards that
each case). These are frequently cited by IARC employ Maximum Achievable Control Technology
(International Agency for Research on Cancer)(12), DFG (MACT) standards; and, possibly health-based
(Deutche Forschungsgemeinschaft)(3), NIOSH (U.S. standards if required at a later time. Section 112 of the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Clean Air Act (CAA) requires emission control by the
Health),(58) or the NTP (U.S. National Toxicology EPA on a source-by-source basis. Therefore, the
Programs).(10) It should be noted that the DFG have emission of substances on this list does not necessarily
designated some substances as carcinogens not so mean that a firm is subject to regulation
classified by other agencies. • Regulated Toxic Substances and Threshold Quantities
• A banned or severely restricted product as designated for Accidental Release Prevention. These appear as
by the United Nations(13) or by the U.S. EPA Office of Accidental Release Prevention/Flammable Substances,
Pesticide Programs under FIFRA (The Federal Clean Air Act (CAA) §112(r), Table 3, TQ (threshold
Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act).(14) quantity) in pounds and kilograms under 40
• A substance cited by the World Bank.(15) CFR68.130. The accidental release prevention
• A substance with an air pollutant standard set or regulations applies to stationary sources that have
recommended by OSHA and/or NIOSH,(58) ACGIH,(1) present more than a threshold quantity of a CAA
DFG,(3) or HSE.(33) OSHA limits are the enforceable Section 112(r) regulated substance.