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Sinicizing Christianity Studies in Christian Mission Editor in Chief Peggy Brock (Edith Cowan University) Editorial Board Jean-Philippe Belleau (University of Massachusetts, Boston) James Grayson (University of Sheffield) David Maxwell (University of Cambridge) VOLUME 49 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/scm Sinicizing Christianity Edited by Zheng Yangwen 鄭揚文 LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: The chapel of Tao Fong Shan at Shatin, Hong Kong 1930–1935 (THOC, May 2014) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Zheng, Yangwen, editor. Title: Sinicizing Christianity / edited by Zheng Yangwen. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2017. | Series: Studies in Christian  mission, ISSN 0924-9389 ; Volume 49 | Includes bibliographical references  and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016051517 (print) | LCCN 2017001332 (ebook) | ISBN  9789004330375 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9789004330382 (E-book) Subjects: LCSH: Christianity—China. | Christianity and  culture—China—History. Classification: LCC BR1285 .S55 2017 (print) | LCC BR1285 (ebook) | DDC  275.1—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016051517 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 0924-9389 isbn 978-90-04-33037-5 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-33038-2 (e-book) Copyright 2017 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Contents Acknowledgements vii List of Images viii Author Biographies Ix Introduction. Christianity: Towards a Theory of Sinicization Zheng Yangwen 1 Part 1 Agents of Introduction and Enculturation 1 A Mission Without Missionaries: Chinese Catholic Clergy in Sichuan, 1746–1756 33 Robert Entenmann 2 The Role of Union Theological Seminary (New York) in Sinicizing Christianity 55 Christopher D. Sneller 3 “Taking Jesus Back to China”: New Gospel Agents in Shanghai 82 Yuqin Huang Part 2 Redefining Christianity for the Chinese Context 4 Christ-human and Jia Yuming’s Doctrine of Sanctification 109 Wai Luen Kwok 5 Sermon, Story, and Song in the Inculturation of Christianity in China 138 Thomas Alan Harvey 6 Translating and Transplanting the Word of God in Chinese 167 Monica Romano vi Contents Part 3 Building and Singing the Kingdom of God 7 The “Sino-Christian Style”: A Major Tool for Architectural Indigenization 197 Thomas Coomans 8 Sacred Dwellings: Protestant Ancestral Halls and Homes in Southern Fujian 233 Chris White 9 The Sinicization of Sacred Music: A Study of T. C. Chao 261 Dennis T.W. Ng 10 Sinicizing Christian Music at Shanghai Community Church 290 Chen Ruiwen Epilogue. Multiple Sinicizations of Multiple Christianities 319 Richard Madsen Bibliography 327 Index 368 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the British Inter-university China Centre (BICC) for fund- ing my research into Chinese Christianity. I am very grateful to my colleagues Elena Barabantzeva, Xiaobing Wang, Yin-fang Zhang, and Heather Inwood at the Centre for Chinese Studies, and to Dr. Carl Kilcourse for their help with organising the conference “The Glocalisation of Christianity in China” in May 2014, which has resulted in the production of this volume. There were many great papers which for reasons of thematic coherence are not included in this volume. I would also like to thank Thomas Harvey, James St. Andre, Peter Ng, Kevin Ward, Peter Scott, Scott Pacey, William Schroeder, and Mark McLeister for chairing the panels. I am very grateful to the John Rylands Library at Deansgate for hosting the conference, to its Chinese collection cura- tor Elizabeth Gow who exhibited the Chinese collection to delegates, and to our Vice President, Professor Luke Georghiou, for opening the 3-day confer- ence, and to Professor Richard Madsen for delivering the keynote speech. My thanks also go to Jonathan Jucker and Alistair Dickins for copyediting work, to Alan Chong, Ken Parry and Ronald Kydd for giving me permission to repro- duce images, and to Ingrid Heijckers-Velt and Anita Opdam at Brill who put up with my endless questions. Finally, I am grateful to my colleagues in the his- tory department: Laurence Brown, Steven Pierce, Anindita Ghosh, Christopher Godden, Natalie Zacek, Bertrand Taithe, Stuart Jones, Paul Fouracre, Penny Summerfield, Dan Szechi, Pierre Fuller, Sasha Handley, Henry Miller, Frank Mort, Georg Christ, Max Jones, and Peter Gatrell. Their intellectual curiosity, compassion and humour sustained me over the years. How fortunate I am to have such fantastic colleagues, without whom Manchester would be a dull place to live and work. Zheng Yangwen 鄭揚文 Manchester 1 August 2016 List of Images 0.1 Virgin and child 21 0.2 Jar with Jesuit emblem 21 0.3 Lacquer bureau shrine 22 0.4 Octagonal pillar with cross 24 0.5 Side of a sarcophagus with cross 24 3.1 Returnee Handbook (Campus Evangelical Fellowship, 2009) 91 7.1 Our Ladyn of Sheshan basilica in Shanghai, 1924–1935 206 7.2 Yenching University in Beijing, 1929 208 7.3 Parish church of Gaojiazhuang, 1927 212 7.4 Fu Jen University in Beijing, 1929–1930 215 7.5 The Seminary of the Disciples of the Lord at Xuanhua, 1928–1935 216 7.6 The Regional Seminary of Kaifeng, 1932 216 7.7 The Regional Seminary of Hong Kong 218 7.8 Church of Xin Hui lepers’ village, 1938 221 7.9 The Catholic catechism: Wenda xiangjie, 1928 223 7.10 Tao Fong Shan chapel at Shatin, 1930–1935 224 7.11 St. Francis of Assisi parish church at Sham Shui Po, Kowloon, 1953 225 8.1 A mid-week Christian service at the Shi ancestral home in Shicuo 234 8.2 The larger Shen ancestral hall in Shanbian Village 237 8.3 The Xiao ancestral home in Xiaocuo 240 8.4 The Kang family ancestral hall near Xiaozha 245 8.5 Interior of the Jiang family ancestral hall 248 9.1 Eucharist Prayers, taken from Sheng Shi Ge Jing Jianyao 266 9.2 A comparison of the Chinese Gongche notation and the five-line staff 267 9.3 The prelude of Shegdan qu 272 10.1 “Union System”, combining Western and Chinese notation 311 Author Biographies Chen Ruiwen is Lecturer at Ming Hua Theological College, Hong Kong; Research Associate of the Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui (Hong Kong Anglican Church). She completed her PhD in religious studies at the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 2014. Her research focuses on the history of Christianity in China and Chinese Christian music. Her books include Fragrant Flowers Bloom: T. C. Chao, Bliss Wiant and the Contextualization of Hymns in Twentieth Century China (2015) and All Generations Shall Call You Blessed: The History of Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui St. Mary’s Church (1912–2012) (co-authored with Philip L. Wickeri in Chinese, 2014). Her articles include “Überlegungen zur Kontextualisierung von Kirchenmusik in China” (Es freuet sich die Engelschar: Christliche chinesische Kunst und Musik der Gegenwart, 2014) and “Music and Mission: Re-interpretation of Post- Colonial Culture Criticism – Centered on The Chinese Recorder”, amongst oth- ers. She was a visiting scholar at the Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien (2013) and IASACT Scholar (2009). She has held piano recitals in 2003 and 2010, and she has been an accompanying pianist in churches in Hong Kong and Shanghai. Her hymn compositions include “The Rough Path” and “Asking”. Thomas Coomans is Professor at the University of Leuven, Department of Architecture, and staff of the Raymond Lemaire International Centre for Conservation. His teach- ing includes the history and theory of conservation, and architectural history. He was also Adjunct Assistant Professor at The Chinese University of Hong Kong, School of Architecture, and is a member of the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts. Over the past twenty years, Dr Coomans’ research on various aspects of church architecture resulted in thirteen books and more than one hundred articles and book chapters dealing with building archaeology, construction history, iconological interpretations of architecture, and conservation issues. His subjects include medieval churches in the Low Countries, monasteries of religious orders, Gothic revival, reuse of redundant churches and more. His current research on Christian church architecture in China from the 1840s to the 1940s combines fieldwork in China (with the School of Archaeology of Peking University and the Cultural Heritage Conservation Centre of Tsinghua University) and research in Western archives. x Author Biographies Robert Entenmann is Professor of History and Asian Studies at St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota, USA. His research examines the social history of Catholics in eighteenth-century China. His publications include two chapters in Daniel H. Bays, ed., Christianity in China from the Eighteenth Century to the Present (1996) and a contribution to Nicolas Standaert, ed., Handbook of Christianity in China: 635–1800 vol. 1: (2001). Five of his essays have been translated into Chinese by Gu Weimin 顾卫民, a historian at Shanghai Normal University, and published in Yan Huayang 鄢华阳 (Robert Entenmann) et al., Zhongguo Tianzhujiao Lishi Yiwenji 中国天主教历史译文集 (A Collection of translated essays on the his- tory of Chinese Catholicism), (2010). Recently he collaborated with François Barriquand and Joseph Ruellen in the publication of the journal of a French missionary, Sichuan: Journal de Joachim Enjobert de Martiliat, vicaire apos- tolique, évêque d’Écrinée, 1732–1745 (2015). Thomas Alan Harvey is the Academic Dean of the OCMS: a doctoral research centre in Oxford University specializing in the study of World Christianity and civil soci- ety. His area of expertise is Christianity in China and Southeast Asia in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Dr. Harvey is author of numerous works on Christianity in Asia and Southeast Asia. His particular interests lie in Christianity in the public Square, relations between church and state in Asia and more recently on Diaspora movements of people groups in Asia and Southeast Asia. Dr. Harvey holds degrees from Duke University (PhD) and the University of Notre Dame (MA). Yuqin Huang is currently Associate Professor of Sociology at East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST) in Shanghai, China. She was a Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for the Studies of Religious and Ethnic Diversity, Göttingen, Germany between 2009 and 2013. Having received her PhD in Sociology at the University of Essex, UK, her research mainly focuses on development, labor/ work, national and transnational migration, gender, family and marriage, and reli- gion. Her articles on these topics have been published in Social Compass, China Perspectives, Local Economy, Journal of Comparative Family Studies, Sociological Studies, and edited volumes published by Routledge and Edward Elgar. Wai-Luen Kwok is Assistant Professor of Christian Theology in the Department of Religion and Philosophy and Associate Director of the Centre for Sino-Christian

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