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Since the Time of the Transformers: The Ancient Heritage of the Nuu-Chah-Nulth, Ditidaht and Makah PDF

265 Pages·1999·28.383 MB·English
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Since the Time of the Transformers Pacific Rim Archaeology This series is an initiative of UBC Laboratory of Archaeology and UBC Press. It provides a source of scholarly reporting on significant new archaeological research along the entire Pacific Rim - spanning the region from Southeast Asia to western North America and Pacific Latin America. The series will publish reports on archaeological fieldwork in longer monograph form as well as edited volumes of shorter works dealing with contemporary themes. The general editors of the series are Michael Blake and R.G. Matson, both faculty members in the Department of Anthropology and Sociology at the University of British Columbia. Since the Time of the Transformers is the second volume in the series. The first was Hidden Dimensions: The Cultural Significance of Wetland Archaeology, edited by Kathryn Bernick. Alan D. McMillan Since the Time of the Transformers: The Ancient Heritage of the Nuu-chah-nulth, Ditidaht, and Makah UBCPress /Vancouver © UBC Press 1999 Reprinted 2000 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission of the publisher, or, in Canada, in the case of photocopying or other reprographic copying, a licence from CANCOPY (Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency), 900 - 6 Adelaide Street East, Toronto, ON M5C 1H6. Printed in Canada on acid-free paper °° ISBN 0-7748-0700-8 (hardcover) ISBN 0-7748-0701-6 (paperback) Pacific Rim Archaeology (ISSN 1483-2283) Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data McMillan, Alan D. (Alan Daniel), 1945- Since the time of the transformers (Pacific Rim archaeology, ISSN 1483-2283) Included biblographical references and index. ISBN 0-7748-0700-8 (bound); ISBN 0-7748-0701-6 (pbk.) 1. Nootka Indians - History. 2. Nootka Indians - Antiquities. 3. Makah Indians - History. 4. Makah Indians - Antiquities. I. Title. II. Series. E99.N85M36 1999 971.1'2004979 C99-910015-7 This book has been published with the help of a grant from the Humanities and Social Sciences Federation of Canada, using funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. UBC Press also gratefully acknowledges the ongoing support to its publishing program from the Canada Council for the Arts, the British Columbia Arts Council, and the Multiculturalism Program of the Department of Canadian Heritage. Set in Stone by Artegraphica Design Co. Printed and bound in Canada by Friesens Copy editor: Joanne Richardson UBC Press University of British Columbia 2029 West Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2 (604) 822-5959 Fax: (604) 822-6083 E-mail: [email protected] www.ubcpress.ubc.ca Contents Figures, Maps, and Tables / vii Acknowledgments / xi 1 Setting the Stage / 3 2 Differing Approaches to the Nuu-chah-nulth Past / 30 3 Archaeological Research in Nuu-chah-nulth Territory / 47 4 The Emergence of the West Coast Culture Type / 104 5 The Late West Coast Culture Type /126 6 The Transition to Recorded History / 178 7 Recent History and the Modern Communities / 215 References / 225 Index / 248 This page intentionally left blank Figures, Maps, and Tables Figures 1 John Webber watercolour (1778) of Nuu-chah-nulth man at Nootka Sound / 9 2 Photographs taken in the 1860s of Nuu-chah-nulth (Tseshaht) man, Ditidaht man, and Makah woman / 11 3 The village of Yuquot in Nootka Sound, as seen by Cook's officers / 12 4 John Webber watercolour (1778) of the interior of a house at Yuquot / 13 5 Nuu-chah-nulth whaler attaching the harpoon head to the shaft / 19 6 Nuu-chah-nulth women with open-weave baskets and digging sticks / 20 7 Part of the Makah village of Neah Bay, photographed by E.S. Curtis, c. 1916/21 8 Chief Joseph of the Tla-o-qui-aht, wearing a Thunderbird headdress, 1929 / 22 9 Nuu-chah-nulth Wolf headdress, of the type used in the tlukwana ceremony / 23 10 Aerial view of Barkley Sound / 26 11 The boundary rock between Ucluelet and Toquaht territories / 27 12 Aerial view of Yuquot, 1976 / 53 13 Excavation in progress at Yuquot, 1966 / 54 14 Toquaht chief Bert Mack discusses an artifact found at Macoah with project co-director Denis St. Claire / 63 15 Macoah (DfSi 5), looking north to the rocky point for which the site is named / 65 16 Aerial view of T'ukw'aa (DfSj 23) / 67 17 T'ukw'aa from the terrace at the eastern end of the site / 67 18 Profiling a completed excavation unit at T'ukw'aa / 68 19 Ch'uumat'a (DfSi 4) / 69 20 DfSj 30, a lookout site on the outer George Fraser Islands / 72 21 Excavation in progress across the centre of DfSj 30 / 73 22 Excavation in the main house area at Ozette, 1973 / 89 viii Figures, Maps, and Tables 23 Broken plank, carved with the images of Thunderbird and Wolf, exposed during excavation at Ozette / 90 24 Hydraulic excavation in the intertidal zone at the Hoko River wet site, 1978 / 94 25 Composite fishhook, with wooden shanks, bone barb, and spruce-root wrapping, in the waterlogged deposits at Hoko River / 95 26 Large fragment of open-weave carrying basket in the waterlogged deposits at Hoko River / 96 27 Surface collected lithic artifacts from DhSf 31, an elevated site in the Alberni Valley / 107 28 Chipped stone bifaces from intertidal contexts in Barkley and Nootka Sounds / 108 29 Chipped stone artifacts from Ch'uumat'a / 115 30 Ch'uumat'a ground stone and bone objects resembling Gulf Islands complex artifacts /116 31 Decorated schist object from the base of deposits at Ch'uumat'a / 117 32 Valves from whaling harpoon heads, decorated with incised designs / 133 33 Nuu-chah-nulth whaling ceremonies in staged E.S. Curtis photograph, c. 1915 / 138 34 Cleaning halibut on the beach at Neah Bay, c. 1915/141 35 Makah plank houses are visible below the lighthouse in this 1912 picture of Tatoosh Island / 142 36 Decorated whalebone club handles from West Coast sites / 146 37 The defensive site (DfSh 79) on Dicebox Island, Broken Group, Barkley Sound / 149 38 The Huu-ay-aht village site of Kiix7in (DeSh 1) and its defensive site (DeSh 2), known locally as "Execution Rock" / 149 39 Engraving showing the Ditidaht village of Whyac, at Nitinat Narrows, in 1864 / 150 40 Inside the whaling shrine near Yuquot, showing a row of carved wooden human figures, along with wooden whales and human skulls / 161 41 Richard Daugherty poses with a carved wooden effigy of a whale dorsal fin at Ozette, 1970 / 162 42 Red ochre pictograph of Thunderbird (DkSp 8), Hisnit Inlet, Nootka Sound / 165 43 Anthropomorphs and whales, Clo-oose Hill petroglyph site (DdSe 14) /166 44 Petroglyphs on boulders at the Wedding Rocks site (45CA31) south of Ozette / 166 45 Detail of the Sproat Lake petroglyphs (DhSf 1), showing mythical marine creatures / 167 46 Sailing ship and vulvic image carved on beach boulder, Wedding Rocks site (45CA31) / 168 47 Artifacts of the late West Coast culture type /170 Figures, Maps, and Tables ix 48 Grooved bark beater of whalebone, found in late precontact deposits at T'ukw'aa / 174 49 Plot showing relative similarity of six site assemblages by multi- dimensional scaling / 176 50 John Webber drawing of Nuu-chah-nulth canoes encircling Cook's ship, the Resolution, at anchor in Nootka Sound in 1778 / 180 51 Chief Maquinna of Nootka Sound, from a 1791 sketch by Spanish artist Tomas de Suria / 182 52 Chief Tatoosh of the Cape Flattery area, as drawn by the Spanish artist Jose Cardero in 1791 / 183 53 The Spanish settlement at Yuquot in 1791 / 187 54 Maquinna and Callicum, chiefs at Nootka Sound / 199 55 Carved house post and beam in upper Barkley Sound at Ekool (Hikwuulh), the main village of the Ekoolthaht (Hikwuulh7ath), 1912 / 206 56 A house frame and two large carved figures at the Huu-ay-aht village of Kiix7in I 210 57 Makah children dancing at Makah Days celebrations, 1997 / 219 58 Makah Days celebrations, 1977, showing women wearing modern replicas of hats excavated from Ozette / 220 59 Makah woman wearing large headdress in Makah Days parade, 1982 / 220 60 Nuu-chah-nulth men play lahal, the "bones game," at Neah Bay during Makah Days, 1975 / 221 61 A Nuu-chah-nulth whaling canoe, carved by Hesquiaht artist Tim Paul in 1997, is taken for a test run on Sproat Lake / 222 Maps 1 Traditional territories of the Nuu-chah-nulth, Ditidaht, and Makah in the nineteenth century / 7 2 Location of Nuu-chah-nulth, Ditidaht, and Makah political groups by the early twentieth century / 14 3 Barkley Sound, showing nineteenth-century Nuu-chah-nulth group territories / 25 4 Location of excavated sites in Nuu-chah-nulth, Ditidaht, and Makah territories / 49 5 Excavated sites in Nootka Sound and Hesquiat Harbour / 52 6 Toquaht traditional territory in western Barkley Sound, showing locations of five sites excavated as part of the Toquaht Archaeological Project / 64 7 Contour map of T'ukw'aa, showing location of excavation units / 66 8 Map of Ch'uumat'a, showing locations of excavation units / 70 9 Location of recorded defensive sites or lookouts in Nuu-chah-nulth, Ditidaht, and Makah territories / 148 10 Location of recorded rock art sites in Nuu-chah-nulth, Ditidaht, and Makah territories / 164

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