Simulation Training: Fundamentals and Applications: Improving Professional Practice Through Simulation Training PDF
Preview Simulation Training: Fundamentals and Applications: Improving Professional Practice Through Simulation Training
Philippe Fauquet-Alekhine Nane Pehuet Editors Simulation Training: Fundamentals and Applications Improving Professional Practice Through Simulation Training Simulation Training: Fundamentals and Applications Adapted from a work first published in French under the title: “Améliorer les pratiques professionnelles par la simulation” (© Octares 2011) Philippe Fauquet-Alekhine Nane Pehuet Editors Simulation Training: Fundamentals and Applications Improving Professional Practice Through Simulation Training é Forewords by Prof. Ren Amalberti and Prof. Jacques Leplat 123 Editors Philippe Fauquet-Alekhine Nane Pehuet ChinonNuclear Power Plant CNRS-INSHS Avoine Paris France France ISBN978-3-319-19913-9 ISBN978-3-319-19914-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-19914-6 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015942217 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor foranyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerlandispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia (www.springer.com) Foreword I Thankstotheauthorsforhavingcalledmetowritethisforeword.Ihadevenmore pleasure to read than to write. Perhaps I was not the more qualified for this honor as I was neither a profes- sional of the simulation nor of training. I thus had to recall my memory and my remembrances accumulated here and there in transport companies, industries, and medicine, yet the effort has not been so heavy as I often have been kept close to training as a natural continuation of the human factors and organizational inter- ventions; I thus saw with time the power of the concept “simulation training” increasing, as a magic idea, essential, impossible to be passed around. I accompanied the beginning of the concept in the 1980s and the early 1990s with merchants challenging to catch the new market, asking more real than real, finally selling simulators awfully heavy to use; I have seen trainers who had never beeninvolvedintherealworkactivityandIhaveseenoperators,brokenbyillness or career errors, positioned as a trainer almost as a punishment; I have seen these failures and I have also seen lessons rapidly learned by all the stakeholders, in- dustrialsaswellastrainers.Theresultofallthatwasthebirthofaknowledgecore devotedtotheuseofthesetrainingtools,thebirthoftheacademicsideofthisfield, of know-how, of all that what this book tells us so well about. Why such a success? … Perhaps because simulation remains the last tool allowingthemeetingofaninaccessiblereal.ThinkingaboutthatIidentifiedatleast four reasons which seem to have imposed this ineluctable rise: (cid:129) Thesafetydevelopmentofindustrialplantsandriskyprofessionshasprogressed quickly. As a paradox, this had a double negative effect for training: impover- ishmentofthecontactwiththeriskandrejectionofthisrisk.Therealoperating situations,monitoredasaroutine, donotofferanymorethetrainingfieldofthe past. Even more, training for manual operating, without any protection, is not anymore wished; it becomes difficult to get out of the procedures and assisted modes, both for safety questions and moreover for performance improvement purpose.Briefly,simulationofferstheaccesstoarealthatrealitydoesnotoffer anymore. v vi ForewordI (cid:129) Companionshiphasbeenshatteredeverywhere;theseniorityhaslostofitsaura for the benefits of academic diploma and qualifications; official time length for training and official training programs are today more official, stamped on professional books, absolute sesame of the professional progress almost inde- pendent of the real value in the job; these counted times have replaced the informal hours spent to listen to and to watch experienced workers in the past trades.Forallthesereasons,trainingappearsfartherfromtheworkactivity,but hasfoundbackinthesimulationtrainingthenaturaltraitthatcouldhavemissed. (cid:129) The multiplicity of technological artifacts has also favored the simulation training. Helps, especially through computer science and electronics, induce a great complexity of the architecture of surfing that must be blank tested. Moreover,thetechnicalspecificityoftheseartifactsfitsperfectlythesimulation as they create by themselves layers that can be isolated (disconnected from the process environment) like training objects. (cid:129) Finally,andnottheleast,theknow-howofthesimulationhasbecomeavailable, every day more sophisticated, to better simulate the complexity of the real. Not surprising in these conditions that the training of high-risk professions has been forced to go this way. It just has to solve the common equations of any training: Simulating: why (for which benefits)? (cid:129) The answer seems simple: the training, as addressed by this book (even if the conceptionorresearchusagesarebothpertinent).Butthedetailedanswerabout the“why”islesstrivialthanitseemstobe.Theinitialchoicespreparethefinal success of the pedagogical edifice; nonetheless, they sometimes are quite divergentregardingthescenariotobeused.Onecancountseveralmaininputs, allpertinentandalldifferent:trainingtotheproceduraloperating,tothegeneral principals, to the abnormal situations (listed), or even to exceptional situations (by their very nature), etc. Simulating: what? (cid:129) Thetechnicalsysteminitswholerealitymoreorlesssimplified;itisobviously what we think about first… (cid:129) Butwe mustnotforget thescenario, reflectingthereality thoughtorelaborated according to some observed accidents/incidents for which physical actions (defects, incidents), human actions (errors), and added systemic actions (light- ning, a unexpected director, the economical context); everyone will conceive that the degrees offreedom of the technical simulation, already numerous, are nothing compared to the infinite possibilities to elaborate scenarios. Anyway, the key of the successful training is the elaboration of the scenarios, not the fidelity of the simulation. ForewordI vii (cid:129) Beyond the technical constrains and those of the scenarios, the simulation sessions are also a request to learn in a limited time and according to a con- strained program. Paradoxically, this constriction of time and events, this acceleration of the real to make it expressing a set of pedagogical situations imposedduringthetimeofthetrainingexercise,isthemaindeviationtothereal withoutanydoubtandcarriesonsomeimpressivedifficultiesforelaboratingthe scenarios. Simulating: how? (cid:129) One of the medical chapters of the book evokes the pig as the first surgery simulator;wecanseetheinfinitepossibilitiesavailableforthetrainers,fromthe simple alive cousinto thetool of cognitive equivalence assumed toinvolvethe same intellectual qualities (the micro-worlds), to the realistic simulator (trustful onthesurface,whichrecreatestheclimate,butwhoseequationsofprocessesare greatly simplified in depth), or to the most faithful possible complete simulator (but is there actual such a simulator when the copy has necessarily implied a choiceofarbitraryframingofthereal,neverreflectingalloftheconnectionsthat keeps on this technical sub-object with its neighbors, with its plant and its environment). Simulating up to which point of loss of control for a successful training? (cid:129) Professional simulation is not a game. It gives to see skills and failures, ques- tioning the ego of the professionals and can generate real emotion of the par- ticipants.Thesedimensionscanusefullyservetheelaborationofskills,buttheir gradation must be particularly controlled and probably applied with judgement according to the operators’ personality, because trainee is the target of the training installation, and trainee is also the only piece of the puzzle that is not simulated therefore to be handled with the greatest caution. Beyond these issues, some recurrent questions should not be hidden regarding these simulations for training: which cost (the simulator, its purchase and mainte- nance, but much more the immobilization of the professionals), for which actual benefits(withquestionsonassessment),withwhichtrainersandwhichtrainingfor the trainers? All these questions (and more) find answers in this book. It is a practical book about the unvarnished simulation, without too many sci- entificjargon,butwrittenbythosewhodo,andwhoalreadyfacedfailures,invery varied applied areas, as metallurgy, nuclear industry, medicine, and transportation. All ofthemaretrue professionals intraining onsimulators;furthermore, they took time to think about their own practices, having digested the scientific knowledge. Itisalsoabookontrainingbeyondabookonsimulation,whichisnaturalsince the tool is a necessary condition but is never sufficient to achieve the objective… viii ForewordI Ihadgreatpleasuretoreadit,andIfoundthatitwasfinallyararereadingbyits simplicity, essential for countless candidates aiming to the use of simulators for training. Good reading! René Amalberti Doctorinmedicineandpsychology,RenéAmalbertiwasmilitaryphysician,chargé de mission Human Factors for the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGAC), associate researcher at the French National Research Center (CNRS), Deputy DirectoroftheInstituteofaeronauticsmedicine,ProfessoratValdeGraceHospital in Paris (France), and researcher at the IMASSA-CERMA. His main areas of research are cognitive ergonomics, cognitive modeling of the operators. He is the author of numerous books on high-risk systems making references now on the internationalscene.HenowdivideshistimebetweentheHighAuthorityofHealth (HAS) and medical insurance (MACSF). Foreword II Thetitleofthebookstatesclearlythespiritofitscontentandhowitshouldberead: Itwaswrittenbytrainersfortrainers.Theauthorsdonotseektoengageinageneral debate on the simulation, but to identify under which conditions it can be used to improveprofessionalpractices.Inthisaim,theydecidedtoreflecttogetherontheir respective practices engaged invarious sectors: airline, medicine, nuclearindustry, and metallurgy. Despite the variety of studied situations, it quickly appeared that these exchanges showed many common traits to the approaches taken by each contributorandthateachonecould gainfrom abetter understandingoftheothers. Wherefromtheideaofextendingthereflectionsindevelopingabookwhichcould beenjoyedbythetrainers’community,notonlyinseekingtosynthesizethedrawn principles, but also in developing very concretely and specifically the analysis of cases from their practice. Thus, the importance appears of an in-depth analysis of the trainees’ activity. The conceptual chapter will help readers to develop their own synthesis on the simulation method and improve their personal practice. This book, well organized and well presented, was designed primarily for trainers, but it is likely to be appreciated by all those who have to deal with occupational training. Jacques Leplat Jacques Leplat, nowadays Directeur Honoraire at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes(EPHE,Paris,France),hasbeenmanagingforalongtimetheLaboratoryof Work Psychology at EPHE and has been co-manager of the revue “Le Travail Humain” (human work). He is the author of numerous publications in the field of cognitive and ergonomic psychology, especially addressing the analysis of the individual and collective activity in work situations regarding training, safety, and reliability. He has received the “Ergonomics Development Award for outstanding contributions to the development of ergonomics internationally” from the “International Ergonomics Association” (1994). ix
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