Simulation and Gaming for Social Design

309 Pages·2022·10.797 MB·English

by  Toshiyuki Kaneda, Ryoju Hamada, Terukazu Kumazawa

Translational Systems Sciences 25
Toshiyuki Kaneda
Ryoju Hamada
Terukazu Kumazawa  Editors
Simulation
and Gaming
for Social
Design
Translational Systems Sciences
Volume 25
Editor-in-Chiefs
KyoichiKijima,Tokyo,Japan
HiroshiDeguchi,Tokyo,Japan
EditorialBoard
ShingoTakahashi(WasedaUniversity)
HajimeKita(KyotoUniversity)
ToshiyukiKaneda(NagoyaInstituteofTechnology)
AkiraTokuyasu(HoseiUniversity)
KoichiroHioki(ShujitsuUniversity)
YujiAruka(ChuoUniversity)
KennethBausch(Institutefor21stCenturyAgoras)
JimSpohrer(IBMAlmadenResearchCenter)
WolfgangHofkirchner(ViennaUniversityofTechnology)
JohnPourdehnad(UniversityofPennsylvania)
MikeC.Jackson(UniversityofHull)
GaryS.Metcalf(InterConnections,LLC)
MarjaToivonen(VTTTechnicalResearchCentreofFinland)
SachihikoHarashina(ChibaUniversityofCommerce)
KeikoYamaki(ShujitsuUniversity)
In1956,KennethBouldingexplainedtheconceptofGeneralSystemsTheoryasaskeletonof
science. He describes that it hopes to develop something like a “spectrum” of theories—a
systemofsystemswhichmayperformthefunctionofa“gestalt”intheoreticalconstruction.
Such“gestalts”inspecialfieldshavebeenofgreatvalueindirectingresearchtowardsthegaps
whichtheyreveal.
There were, at that time, other important conceptual frameworks and theories, such as
cybernetics. Additional theories and applications developed later, including synergetics,
cognitivescience,complexadaptivesystems,andmanyothers.Somefocusedonprinciples
within specific domains of knowledge andothers crossed areas of knowledge and practice,
alongthespectrumdescribedbyBoulding.
Alsoin1956,theSocietyforGeneralSystemsResearch(nowtheInternationalSocietyfor
theSystemsSciences)wasfounded.Oneoftheconcernsofthefounders,eventhen,wasthe
stateofthehumancondition,andwhatsciencecoulddoaboutit.
ThepresentTranslationalSystemsSciencesbookseriesaimsatcultivatinganewfrontier
ofsystemssciencesforcontributingtotheneedforpracticalapplicationsthatbenefitpeople.
Theconceptoftranslationalresearchoriginallycomesfrommedicalscienceforenhancing
human health and well-being. Translational medical research is often labeled as “Bench to
Bedside.” It places emphasis on translating the findings in basic research (at bench) more
quickly and efficiently into medical practice (at bedside). At the same time, needs and
demandsfrompracticedrivethedevelopmentofnewandinnovativeideasandconcepts.In
this tightly coupled process it is essential to remove barriers to multi-disciplinary
collaboration.
The present series attempts to bridge and integrate basic research founded in systems
concepts,logic,theoriesandmodelswithsystemspracticesandmethodologies,intoaprocess
of systems research. Since both bench and bedside involve diverse stakeholder groups,
including researchers, practitioners and users, translational systems science works to create
commonplatformsforlanguagetoactivatethe“benchtobedside”cycle.
In order to create a resilient and sustainable society in the twenty-first century, we
unquestionably need open social innovation through which we create new social values,
and realize them in society by connecting diverse ideas and developing new solutions. We
assumethreetypesofsocialvalues,namely:(1)valuesrelevanttosocialinfrastructuresuchas
safety, security, andamenity; (2) values created byinnovation in business, economics, and
managementpractices;and,(3)valuesnecessaryforcommunitysustainabilitybroughtabout
byconflictresolutionandconsensusbuilding.
The series will first approach these social values from a systems science perspective by
drawing on a range of disciplines in trans-disciplinary and cross-cultural ways. They may
include social systems theory, sociology, business administration, management information
science, organization science, computational mathematical organization theory, economics,
evolutionaryeconomics,internationalpoliticalscience,jurisprudence,policyscience,socio-
informationstudies,cognitivescience,artificialintelligence,complexadaptivesystemsthe-
ory,philosophyofscience,andotherrelateddisciplines.Inaddition,thisserieswillpromote
translationalsystemsscienceasameansofscientificresearchthatfacilitatesthetranslationof
findingsfrombasicsciencetopracticalapplications,andviceversa.
We believe that this book series should advance a new frontier in systems sciences by
presentingtheoreticalandconceptualframeworks,aswellastheoriesfordesignandapplica-
tion,fortwenty-first-centurysocioeconomicsystemsinatranslationalandtrans-disciplinary
context.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/11213
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Toshiyuki Kaneda Ryoju Hamada
Terukazu Kumazawa
Editors
Simulation and Gaming for
Social Design
Editors
ToshiyukiKaneda RyojuHamada
GraduateSchoolofEngineering AsahikawaCollege
NagoyaInstituteofTechnology NationalInstituteofTechnology
Nagoya,Aichi,Japan Asahikawa,Hokkaido,Japan
TerukazuKumazawa
RIHNCenter
ResearchInstituteforHumanityand
Nature
Kyoto,Kyoto,Japan
ISSN2197-8832 ISSN2197-8840 (electronic)
TranslationalSystemsSciences
ISBN978-981-16-2010-2 ISBN978-981-16-2011-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2011-9
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Preface
This book, which is entitled “Simulation and Gaming for Social Design,” is a
collection of papers that cover the various aspects of simulation and gaming
(S&G)researchforsocialdesign.
S&G research is an interdisciplinary field that explores methodologies for
obtaining active practical knowledge using simulations and games. This research
has led to the holding of the annual academic conference of the International
Simulation and Gaming Association (ISAGA) beginning in 1970. Moreover,
50 years ago, Sage first published the international academic journal “Simulation
& Gaming,” which has established a tradition of interdisciplinary research
agglomeration.
ThecorecharacteristicofS&Gis“communicationofmodels,”asRichardDuke
later described. Interdisciplinary communication has been the subject of research,
andrecently,ithasbeenexpectedtobecomeatoolfortranslationalcommunication
thatlinkstheoreticalknowledgeandactionknowledge.
Herein,wewouldliketofocusonthefactthattheenvironmentofourknowledge
activitiesitselfhaschangeddrasticallyinthepast50years.Fromthepersonalhistory
ofoneoftheeditors,Kaneda,whowasborninthe1960s,wecanseethe“limitsto
growth”oftheClubofRomein1972,thespreadofPCsinpeople’sdailylivesinthe
1980s, and the proliferation of cell phones and the Internet in the 1990s. In the
twenty-first century, the openness of academic information and the decline of
bookstoresincitiesinJapanwerefollowedbythetrendofremoteworkduringthe
COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, which has brought about drastic changes in the
environment of knowledge activities and in the scene of our living world, thereby
resultingintheappearanceoflayeredchaos.
Games,whichhavealwaysbeenacomponentofourlifeworld,providehintsfor
ourcommunicationonknowledge.Shouldn’tthemodeofS&Gthatisadaptedtothe
emergingenvironmentofknowledgeactivitiesalsobeconsideredinthecontextof
realignmentintoanewlifeworld?Inlightofthisawarenessoftheproblem,thisbook
showsvariousmethodologicalaspectsofS&Gresearch.
v
vi Preface
Next, we would like to explain socialdesign. Inthis book, social design adopts
the Japanese common sense of “planning how to build society,” but it also means
connecting one’s own “awareness” and “questions” to society and designing ideas
andsystemsforthatpurpose.Weareexpectedtoworkwithdiversepeopleinsociety
and use our ideas and concepts to solve today’s social problems with creative
thinking.
Let us give you an example. In the summer of 2020, as we prepared this
publication, Japan resembled a war zone. Although some differences in circum-
stances between countries and regions were present, the reports of deaths from
COVID-19 and heat strokes from the summer’s extreme weather caused by global
warmingcalledforrestraintinourdailyactivities.
Regardless of whether it was COVID-19 or global warming, the problem was
essentially a “macro” one with a very contemporary aspect and with increasing
interdependence on a global scale. In Japan, the “macro thinking” policy model of
the “hammer and dance” strategy is now demanding “micro actions,” such as the
suddenencouragementofindividualremotework.
We live in an age in which the global community has access to ever-changing
informationandknowledgethroughtheInternet,andwemakedecisionsaboutour
dailyactivitiesbyestimatingtheirrelevance.Whatisoftenoverlooked,however,is
thenecessityandpossibilityofouractive,“micro”existence.Thekeywordofthis
book,“socialdesign,”isintendedtoincludethoughtsonthecreationof“activepaths
orcircuits.”
The future of social design requires a methodology that promotes a constant
exchange between the “action knowledge” of our daily lives and the “theoretical
knowledge”ofvarioussocialproblems,includingglobalones.
This book has three parts reflecting its subthemes, namely, “Theory, Methodol-
ogy,andPerspective,”“Sustainability,”and“SocialEntrepreneurship,”whichwere
editedbyKaneda,Kumazawa,andHamada,respectively.
Part I (Theory, Methodology and Perspective) deals with the theories and
methodologies that have been proposed in S&G research. It also focuses on per-
spectivesthatareexpectedtobedevelopedinfutureresearchbasedontoday’ssocial
designissues.
The Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), which is located in
Kyoto,Japan,isanationalresearchinstitutewithanumberofauthorsandcoauthors,
includingoneoftheeditorsofthisbook,Kumazawa.Duetotheinterdisciplinaryor
transdisciplinarynatureofglobalenvironmentalissues,youngresearchershavebeen
working on S&G in recent years, with sustainability as the unifying axis. Part II
(Sustainability)isa collectionofpapers thatattempt toposition seriousgames and
gamificationastoolsfortheimplementationofsustainability.
PartIII(SocialEntrepreneurship)isaboutdesigningafuturesocietyandcreating
futurepeoplewithleadership.Itisnotlackingintheaspectsoffuturevision,creative
education, and spontaneity. This paper discusses S&G research for social design
basedontheseaspects.
Preface vii
Part I (Theory, Methodology and Perspective), which was edited by Kaneda,
focuses on theory and methodology issues for future research development on the
basisofthecontemporarysocialdesignissuesofS&G.
Although not widely known in the English-speaking world until now, S&G
theory and methodology have progressed in three ways in the past 30 years by
introducingformalsystemstheory.
The first development is a novel gaming model representation performed by
introducingthesocialsystemconceptofthemulti-actorsystem,whichwasreferred
on by Jan Klabbers in the 1990s. This gave S&G a foundation as a technique of
multi-agent systems along with agent-based social simulation, game theory, and
conflictanalysis.
The second is the establishment of the concept of “social design” in the 2000s.
“SimulationandGaminginSocialDesign,”whichwaspublishedinJapanesebythe
editor in 2005, characterizes social design as an extension of problem solving to
policy vision search, institutional design, and the new modes of communication in
the post-normal science age. Moreover, it positions S&G as its core technique and
discusses the relationship of S&G with methodologies such as soft systems meth-
odologyandpolicysciences.
ThethirdisthemethodologicalprogressofS&G,whichwastriggeredbysome
international transfer issues of urban redevelopment project systems in practical
urbanplanninginJapaninthe2010s.Thisdevelopmentshowsthattheapplication
ofactionresearchinPeterCheckland’sgroup’ssoftsystemsmethodologyisthekey.
Over the course of a generation, S&G continues to offer its fair share of “hot”
topics.
On the basis of accumulated research on S&G, Kaneda’s “Simulation and
GamingasInstrumentforSocialDesign”(Chap.1)focusesonthe“instrumentality”
ofgames.Consideringthebasicprincipleofgaming,perceivedreality,anditsshared
communication, this chapter shows gaming techniques from the viewpoint of pro-
cessstructureandexaminestheirproperstructure.Furthermore,itshowsaperspec-
tive for gaming simulation for social design in comparison with game theory,
conflict analysis, and agent-based social simulations in the contemporary multi-
agentsystemtheory.
Kaneda and Kitani’s “A Learning Process Analysis on Hypergame for Under-
standing Cognitive Conflict” (Chap. 2) aims to describe the modeling of mutual
learningprocessesbyagents.Suchmodelingwasconductedbytheauthorsbetween
1997 and 1998 to analyze a collaborative planning formation process in which
several agents cooperate to devise a plan such as an international partnership. The
mathematicalformalizationsofthefirst-levelhypergameandthemonotoniclearning
process are also introduced in this chapter. It then discusses the contemporary
importanceofthisanalysismethodbygivingahypotheticalexampleofaninterna-
tionalcooperationenterpriseattractionprojectentitled“ActualLPAH.”
Chapter 3 (“Designing a Right-Conversion Game for Affordable Housing in
Addis Ababa” by Hirpo and Kaneda) focuses on an inner-city issue. This chapter
is a report on a gaming case study dealing with affordable housing for district
improvement in kebeles in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Rights conversion, which is an
viii Preface
urbanredevelopmentmethodthattransferslandandbuildingrightstoaproportional
spacefornewconstructionsinaprojectarea,isexpectedtobecomean“appropriate
technology” in developing countries in the twenty-first century. Playtesting has
shown that this approach is an effective way to provide affordable housing; it also
suggests increasing the participation of residents in the decision-making process,
efficientuseofland,andthecreationofdesignsforlocallifestyles.
Chapter 4 (“Games to Change Perceptions of Social Norms: What Constitutes
SeriousGames?”byOhtani)isasociologicaldiscourseanalysisthatdeterminesthe
constituentrequirementsofseriousgames.Fromtheviewpointofdiscourseanalysis,
this study examines the issues around the typical definition of serious games and
extracts the requirements that bear the meaning of “serious.” Otani presents two
aspects as constitutive requirements: “real advantage” and “recursive.” Using a
samplegameaboutgenderandsexuality,hestatesthatseriousgamesarepractices
thatmakeusrealizethatsocialnormshavebeenbrokendown.
“An Agent-Based Framework for E-Government Service System Design” by
Chang and Deguchi (Chap. 5) is presented from the perspective of a multi-agent
(actor) system established in the 2000s. This chapter views the use of the Web in
governmentservicesase-government.Newperspectivesandapproachesareneeded
tocapturethedivergentcharacteristicsofdivergentstakeholdersinvolvedandtheir
adaptive behaviors toward an environment. A framework for the agent-based
modelingofinnovationdiffusioninservicesciencesisalsoproposed.
Part II discusses global environmental issues. What role do serious games and
gamification(hereinaftercalled“game-likeactivities”)playinensuringthesustain-
ability of the global environment and society? Can game-like activities lead the
socioecologicalsystemsoftheearthandaregiontosustainability?Toanswerthese
questions,professionalresearchers inenvironmentalstudies,internationallaw,and
culturalanthropologyintroducetheexamplesofboardgames,gamingsimulations,
and game design placemaking produced from the perspective of the local gover-
nanceofclimatechangeandenergyandresourcemanagement.
PartIIwasestablishedinresponsetothegrowingawarenessofseriousgamesat
theRIHN,whereoneoftheeditorsworks.Theideaforthisactivitycamefromthe
question of what each RIHN research project would exhibit at the RIHN’s open
house to help the visitors understand the essences of their research themes or
particular environmental issues. After much deliberation, a plan to design and
offer serious games as participatory events equivalent to hands-on experiments in
natural sciences was proposed; these games included “Fish & Chips” (Chap. 8;
introducedin2016)andthe“NexusGame”(aboardgamedevelopedbyTomohiro
Oh in 2017 that focuses on the energy—food nexus). These game-making efforts
weretheresultofthepursuitofprojectsthatwouldallowparticipantstoenjoyand
understand interdisciplinary issues in socioecological systems. Serious games are
tools for structurally and visually understanding trade-off issues and synergies that
provide clues to overcoming them, and the serious game event was the venue for
this.ThisiswhattheresearchersattheRIHNexplorativelydiscoveredthroughtheir
experiences in the previous open houses of the institute. The chapters in this part
Preface ix
reflect an attempt to systematize their experiences as a form of sustainable social
designtocome.
Chapter6,Kumazawa’s“TowardsExplicatingGamificationTypesforMotivat-
ing Sustainability Action,” aims to understand the trends that make the chapters in
thispartworthwhile.Thischapterextendsthesignificanceofgamificationtoinclude
theelementsof“imaginativeplay,”rangingfromrole-playingtosimulation,butthe
discussionassumesthatgamificationfunctionsasknowledgethatmotivatesaction.
After analyzing original and review articles on this basis, the paper attempts to
discuss the functional types of gamification that are possible in the entire sustain-
abilitydomain.
Chapter 7, which is Suzuki’s “The Unique Value of Gaming Simulation as a
Research Method for Sustainability-Related Issues,” discusses the unique value of
gaming simulation in the study of sustainability issues by comparing different
methods. Suzuki argues that the unique value of gaming simulation is that it
encourages players to discover hypotheses and observe dynamic changes in their
subjective reality by applying models that accurately represent complex issues in
real-world technological, social, and environmental systems. In this case study, he
implements a gaming experiment focusing on the transition from fossil fuels to
renewable energy. From the results, he argues that free riding and a competitive
worldview among players are two factors that hinder the energy transition in
competitivemarkets.
Miki,Kitamura,andFukushima’s“Fish&Chips:SimulationofaSimpleProb-
lemThatIsNotEasytoSolve”(Chap.8)introduces“Fish&Chips,”aseriousgame
created to understand how to manage fishery resources in an overall sustainable
manner while maintaining multiple fishing grounds. This game, which is designed
by the staff of RIHN’s research project “Creation and Sustainable Governance of
NewCommonsthroughFormationofIntegratedLocalEnvironmentalKnowledge,”
will be useful in discussing the effects of global climate change on local fisheries.
The main reason for its usefulness isthat it allows us totreat climate change as an
exogenous condition for changes in fishing environments. In this sense, “Fish &
Chips” contains the basic mechanism for taking global environmental issues into
account.
Chapter 9, which is Kimura and Oishi’s “Gaming for Arctic Sustainability,”
introduces the board game “The Arctic,” its application, and players’ responses.
This game was created to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms that are
drivingthegovernanceofthepolarregionsinthepursuitofsustainabilityasglobal
warming progresses and the Arctic ice melts. Kimura, who is a specialist in inter-
nationallaw,ledthedesignofthemechanisms.Oishi,whoisaspecialistincultural
anthropology, assisted in the game design from the perspective of the indigenous
societiesinherfieldofresearch(theArctic)andfromtheperspectiveoftheimpactof
climatechangeonthem.
Ota et al.’s “Serious Board Game Jam as an Exercise for Transdisciplinary
Research” (Chap. 10) deals with the Serious Board Game Jam (SBGJ), which was
heldattheRIHNasacasestudytoexaminetheprocessofusingagamejamasan
exerciseintransdisciplinarycollaborationwhileprovidingarubrictohelporganize