Simulating heterogeneous crowds with interactive behaviors PDF
Preview Simulating heterogeneous crowds with interactive behaviors
CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper Version Date: 20160708 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-3036-5 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material repro- duced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. 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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifica- tion and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Pelechano, Nuria, editor. | Allbeck, Jan M., editor. | Kapadia, Mubbasir, 1985- editor | Badler, Norman I., editor. Title: Simulating heterogeneous crowds with interactive behaviors / edited by Nuria Pelechano, Jan M. Allbeck, Mubbasir Kapadia, and Norman I. Badler. Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016026642 | ISBN 9781498730365 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Computer animation. | Crowds--Computer simulation. | Collective behavior--Computer simulation. Classification: LCC TR897.7 .S464 2017 | DDC 777/.7--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016026642 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Toourfriends andfamilies. Contents ListofFigures .................................................................... ix ListofTables ....................................................................xxi Preface.........................................................................xxiii Editors..........................................................................xxv Contributors .................................................................. xxvii Section I Navigation andSteering 1. AnticipatoryLocalNavigation .................................................3 StephenJ.Guy,IoannisKaramouzas,MingC.Lin,andDineshManocha 2. EfficientandFlexibleNavigationMeshesforVirtualWorlds....................25 MarceloKallmann 3. LearningHeterogeneousCrowdBehaviorfromtheRealWorld .................43 PanayiotisCharalambousandYiorgosL.Chrysanthou Section II EditingandRealism 4. AnimatingLargeCrowdsinHugeEnvironments...............................63 JulienPettré 5. InteractiveEditingofCrowdAnimation .......................................83 JongminKimandJeheeLee 6. SimulationofCollectiveCrowdBehaviorwithPsychologicalParameters........99 FundaDurupınar,Ug˘urGüdükbay,AytekAman,andNormanI.Badler 7. Impostor-BasedCrowdRendering........................................... 121 AlejandroBeacco,NuriaPelechano,andCarlosAndújar Section III Evaluation 8. AQuantitativeApproachtoComparingRealandSyntheticCrowds........... 141 SoraiaRauppMusse,CláudioRositoJung,andViniciusJ.Cassol 9. ScenarioSpace:CharacterizingCoverage,Quality,andFailureofSteering Algorithms................................................................. 161 MubbasirKapadia,GlenBerseth,ShawnSingh,GlennReinman,andPetrosFaloutsos vii viii Contents 10. Data-DrivenCrowdEvaluation.............................................. 179 PanayiotisCharalambousandYiorgosL.Chrysanthou 11. SteerFit:AutomatedParameterFittingforSteeringAlgorithms ............... 197 GlenBerseth,MubbasirKapadia,BrandonHaworth,andPetrosFaloutsos Section IV Applications 12. VirtualCrowdsinFilmandNarrativeMedia................................. 217 PaulKanyuk 13. Real-TimeMicro-ModelingofMillionsofPedestrians........................ 235 RainaldLöhner,MuhammadBaqui,EberhardHaug,andBritto Section V Conclusions 14. ConclusionsfromtheEditors ............................................... 257 Index .......................................................................... 259 List of Figures Figure1.1 Stillsfromsimulationsofagentsfollowingthetime-to-collision force-basedmodelproposedinReference27.(a)Twoagents exchangepositions.(b)Twelveagentswalktoantipodalpointsona circle.(c)Agentsexitaroomthroughanarrowdoorway.Inallcases, theagentsanticipateandavoidupcomingcollisions. ..................11 Figure1.2 ORCAcollisionavoidance.(a)Twoagents(inworldspace)ona collisioncourse.(b)Thevelocityspaceofagent A.Theshaded regionshowswhichrelativevelocitieswillleadtocollisionswithin thegiventimehorizon.Therelativevelocityv isinsidetheshaded AB region,indicatingthat Amustchooseanewvelocityoutsidethis region.Thegraylineshowsalinearapproximationoftheshaded forbiddenregion. ...................................................13 Figure1.3 Simulationof1000ORCAagentstryingtomovetowardtheir antipodalpositionsonacircle.Agentsmovethroughthecongestion withoutcolliding. ...................................................15 Figure1.4 Agentsevacuatingabuildingusingtheapproachproposedin Reference47.Aggressiveagents(wearingredshirts)tendtoexitthe roomfasterthantheshyagents(brownshirts). ........................17 Figure1.5 FVOcollisionavoidanceforaformation F approximatedbyan orientedboundingbox.(a)TheFVOinducedbyastaticagent A dependsonthehalf-widthr oftheformation.(b)TheFVOinduced F byadynamicagentismorecomplex,havingnonlinearboundaries. SeeReference50foraderivation. ....................................18 Figure2.1 Localclearancetriangulationbeingsharedbyagentsofdifferent clearancerequirements.Agentsarerepresentedascylinders.Paths areshowningrayasthickpathsdelimitingtherespectivepath clearancerequiredbyeachagent......................................26 Figure2.2 Exampleofoff–meshlinksrepresentingfeasiblejumpsbetween disconnectedsurfaces.(FromM.Kapadiaetal.PRECISION: Precomputedenvironmentsemanticsforcontact-richcharacter animation.InProceedingsofthe2016ACMSIGGRAPHSymposiumon Interactive3DGraphicsandGames,I3D’16,NewYork,USA,2016. ACM.) .............................................................29 Figure2.3 TheshownSPMwascomputedwithGPUrendering.Clippedcones areplacedatgeneratorverticesandatheightsaccordingtotheir distancestothesourcepoint(leftimage).Conesarethenrendered fromanorthographicverticalcameraplacedabovetheobstacle plane(centerimage).Theresultintheframebufferwillencodethe SPMwithrespecttothesourcepoint,whichisdenotedasayellow ix
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