Simlops, a New Genus of Goblin Spiders (Araneae: Oonopidae) from Northern South America

2014·105.3 MB·English

by  Alexandre B. Bonaldo

Scientific Publications of the American Museum of Natural History BO
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American Museum Novitates ALD SIMLOPS, A NEW GENUS OF GOBLIN SPIDERS
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Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History ET
Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History AL.: SIM (ARANEAE: OONOPIDAE) FROM
Publications Committee NLOPS, NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA
Robert S. Voss, Chair EW
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Board of Editors US O
Jin Meng, Paleontology F G ALEXANDRE B. BONALDO, GUSTAVO R.S.
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Lorenzo Prendini, Invertebrate Zoology BL
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Robert S. Voss, Vertebrate Zoology SP RUIZ, ANTONIO D. BRESCOVIT, ADALBERTO
ID
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Peter M. Whiteley, Anthropology RS J. SANTOS, AND RICARDO OTT
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On the cover: Abdomens of three species of Simlops in
anterior view, showing the scutal diversity in the genus (up-
per left, S. cachorro, male; upper right, same, female; bottom
left, S. guyanensis, female; bottom right, S. bodanus, female). 2014 BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
SIMLOPS, A NEW GENUS OF GOBLIN SPIDERS
(ARANEAE: OONOPIDAE) FROM NORTHERN
SOUTH AMERICA
ALEXANDRE B. BONALDO
Museu Paraense Em´ılio Goeldi, Coordenac¸a˜o de
Zoologia, Laborato´rio de Aracnologia,
Campus de Pesquisa, Avenida Perimetral,
nu1901. CEP 66040-170, Bele´m, PA, Brazil
GUSTAVO R.S. RUIZ
Universidade Federal do Para´,
Instituto de Cieˆncias Biolo´gicas, Rua Augusto
Correˆa,01,Guama´,66075-110-Bele´m,PA,Brasil
ANTONIO D. BRESCOVIT
Instituto Butantan, Laborato´rio Especial de
Colec¸o˜es Zoolo´gicas. Av. Vital Brasil, 1500.
Sa˜o Paulo, SP, Brazil 05503-900
ADALBERTO J. SANTOS
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais,
Instituto de Cieˆncias Biolo´gicas, Departamento
de Zoologia. Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627.
Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil 31270-901
RICARDO OTT
Museu de Cieˆncias Naturais, Fundac¸a˜o
Zoobotaˆnica do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Dr.
Salvador Franc¸a, 1427. Porto Alegre,
RS, Brazil 90690-000
BULLETINOFTHEAMERICANMUSEUMOFNATURALHISTORY
Number388, 60pp., 330figures, 2maps
IssuedMay 14,2014
CopyrightEAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory2014 ISSN0003-0090
ABSTRACT
A new genus of goblin spiders, Simlops, is proposed for 15 species found in Brazilian and
Colombian Amazonia and southern Caribbean (Venezuela and Guyana). The new genus
belongs to the Scaphiella complex, a group of Neotropical genera that share a sexually
dimorphic condition in which the abdominal dorsal scutum is present in males but absent in
females.Simlopsishypothesizedtobeamonophyleticgroupunitedbyauniqueconformation
of the male endites, which present three apical portions, a prolateral, curved process, with
laminar apices, a retrolateral process and a median, more dorsal, unsclerotized portion. The
speciesTriaerisbodanusChickering,1968,istransferredtoSimlopsandthefemaleofthisspecies
isdescribedforthefirsttime.Theremaining14speciesarenewlydescribed:S.bandeiranteOtt,
S. cristinae Santos, S. campinarana Brescovit, S. jamesbondi Bonaldo, S. juruti Bonaldo, S.
machadoi Ott, S. miudo Ruiz, S. nadinae Ruiz, S. pennai Bonaldo (type species), S. platnicki
Bonaldo, and S. similis Ott, all from Brazilian Amazonia; S. cachorro Ruiz from Colombian
Amazonia; S.guatopoBrescovitfrom Venezuela;andS.guyanensisSantosfrom Guyana.
INTRODUCTION thick-walled sperm duct in the male palp.
These authors also hypothesized that the
The new genus described below belongs NewZealandgenusKapitiaForsterstandsas
to a putatively monophyletic assemblage the sister group of the ‘‘higher Oonopinae,’’
of goblin spiders whose recent recognition aninformalgroupunitedbythereductionin
challenged the foundations of Oonopidae the number of tarsal organ receptors and by
classification. Simon (1893) divided the theacquisitionofaclumpedeyearrangement.
family into two informal groups, the Lorica- The groups hitherto included in ‘‘Gamaso-
tae, harboring oonopids with heavily sclero- morphinae’’ share at least oneputative syna-
tized bodies, and the Molles, which includes pomorphy:theshiftingofthemalegonopore
the remaining, soft-bodied goblin spiders. to the epigastric scutal surface. However,
This fundamental dichotomy was later fixed the hypothesis presented by Platnick et al.
as formal categories at subfamily level, (2012a) prevents Gamasomorphinae to be
Gamasomorphinae for the Loricatae and recognizedasataxonofsubfamilyrank,even
Oonopinae for the Molles (Petrunkevitch, if it turns out to be a monophyletic group
1923). The Planetary Biodiversity Inventory within Oonopinae. The scenario resulting
(PBI) on this family has provided strong from the fall of Gamasomorphinae is chal-
evidencethatseveralgenera,asinthecaseof lenging and the task of recognizing homolo-
the group herein addressed, are composed of gous instances of modification on the body
sexuallydimorphicspecies,inwhichthemales sclerotizationwillplayacentralroleinfuture
areheavilysclerotized,presentingfullydevel- effortstodetailtheclassificationofthehigher
oped abdominal scuta, while the females are Oonopinae.
less sclerotized, with small or no abdominal All species here assigned to the new genus
scuta. This condition suggests that several Simlops present a clumped eye arrangement
independentinstancesofgainorlossofbody (figs. 6, 34, 63) and are likely to share with
sclerotization, especially on the abdomen, other higher oonopines the tarsal organ
may have occurred during the evolutionary receptor pattern reduced to 3-3-2-2 (as
history of Oonopidae. in figs. 13–20, only S. juruti surveyed). As
Platnick et al. (2012a) clarified the classi- stressed by Platnick et al. (2012a), only
fication of oonopids, arguing for the mono- a few putatively monophyletic clusters of
phyly of the two most basal branchings of genera can be distinguished so far within
Oonopidae, Orchestininae, and Sulsulinae, the higher Oonopinae. This large group
and stressing the view that Oonopinae must is now acknowledged to present extremely
harborthebulkofoonopidgenera,including diverse patterns of body sclerotization, in-
those groups formerly regarded as belonging cluding, between the extremes of fully soft
to‘‘Gamasomorphinae,’’onthegroundsthat and fully sclerotized forms, instances in
they share the loss of a heavily sclerotized, which the cephalothorax is sclerotized but
2
2014 BONALDO ETAL.: SIMLOPS, NEW GENUSOFGOBLIN SPIDERS 3
the abdominal dorsal or postepigastric scuta 197, 222, 265). However, selecting putatively
is absent in both sexes (as in the Stenoonops derived characters that could support the
group of genera, see Platnick and Dupe´rre´, monophyly of this group is not an easy task.
2010b), as well as instances in which the ThemaleenditesofSimlopspresentanapical
females lack the dorsal scutum that is found excavation that subtends three apical por-
in the males. That last condition occurs in tions, a prolateral, curved process, with
two groups of genera, both of them exclu- laminar apices, a retrolateral process and a
sively Neotropical. From the 13 genera median, more dorsal, unsclerotized portion
already recognized in the Dysderina complex (figs. 275–289). Distally excavated male en-
(Platnick and Dupe´rre´, 2011a, 2011c, 2011d; ditesareunusualamongtheknowngeneraof
2012; Abrahim et al., 2012; Platnick et al., the Scaphiella complex. Niarchos, Scaphios,
2013a, 2013b; Platnick et al., 2013c), repre- and Pescennina do not present such a distal
sentatives of three (Scaphidysderina Platnick excavation, having instead a single, triangu-
and Dupe´rre´, Paradysderina Platnick and lar, posteriorly directed apical projection in
Dupe´rre´, and Semidysderina Platnick and Niarchos, a toothlike posteromedian apical
Dupe´rre´) present that kind of sexual dimor- process in Scaphios, or a stout projection in
phism.However,characterssuchascarapace Pescennina. On the other hand, in members
shape and microsculpture, sternal morphol- of both Scaphiella and Escaphiella, the male
ogy and leg spination, suggest that Simlops endites are indeed excavated, but this exca-
belongs to another cluster of genera, the vation is more proximally situated, produc-
Scaphiella complex, which is presently com- ing two long, parallel branches. However,
posed of five highly diverse genera, all of none of these groups presents the third,
which share the dimorphic pattern of ab- weakly sclerotized apical portion that lies
dominal sclerotization. between the two lateral branches. Thus, the
The genera Scaphiella Simon, revised by monophyly of Simlops is here hypothesized,
Platnick and Dupe´rre´ (2010a), and Esca- based on the tripartite shape of the male
phiella, proposed by Platnick and Dupe´rre´ endites.
(2009), are considered to form a monophy- So far as we know, only one of the 15
letic group supported by the extreme devel- species here included in Simlops has pre-
opment of the female ventral scutum, which viously been described. Chickering (1968)
is extended laterally (justifying the popular redescribedthetypespeciesTriaerisstenaspis
name ‘‘taco-spiders’’ for these animals). A Simon, describing two additional species he
second putatively monophyletic lineage in placed in Triaeris Simon. This genus was
the Scaphiella complex is composed by the recently revised by Platnick et al. (2012b),
genera Niarchos and Scaphios, both recently who indicated that it belongs to the Neo-
established by Platnick and Dupe´rre´ (2010c). tropical African Zyngoonops group, rejecting
Those two genera present a further instance theplacementofbothofChickering’sspecies
of sexual dimorphism: in females the ventral in Triaeris. One of these species, T. bodanus
sclerite of the pedicel, the plagula, is not Chickering, is here transferred to Simlops.
fused with the posterior end of the sternum, The original description of T. bodanus is
while in males, plagula and sternum are somewhat intriguing. Chickering based the
completely fused. A fifth genus, Pescennina, original description on only two males, but
revised by Platnick and Dupe´rre´ (2011b), the MCZ material collected by him four
is supported by many genital and somatic years prior to the publication date, plus the
modifications, including some related to ant AMNH material he probably studied repre-
mimicry. sent a batch of several specimens, including
The species treated below can be easily the females, undescribed until now. Judging
recognized by the combined presence of a by the collecting dates, it is evident that
Niarchos-likedorsalabdominalscutaldimor- several males and females were collected
phism, a male palpal bulb completely fused together, but this evidence was dismissed
to the cymbium, with a thick embolus during the sorting process, as most of these
accompanied by a conductor, and a female specimens were neatly segregated by sex and
pedicel fused ventrally to sternum (figs. 174, placed in different vials. As stressed by
4 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OFNATURALHISTORY NO.388
Platnick (in lit.), Chickering’s normal ap- (figs. 304–307), but the conductor of S.
proach was to describe males and females as cristinae is extremely modified, presenting a
different species, unless he was certain wide, unsclerotized base with an apically
the specimens were conspecific. Chickering’s directed protrusion similar (but probably
course of action is easily understandable, not homologous) to the expansion found in
given the dorsal abdominal scutal dimor- the conductor of the previous group. Three
phism referred to above and the Loricatae/ otherspecies,S.cachorro,S.jamesbondi,and
Molles paradigm in vogue at that time. S. platnicki share remarkable endites with a
However, Simlops bodanus (Chickering) is longretroapicalprocess,whichisparticularly
the only species treated below in which the developed in S. platnicki (figs. 284–286). Of
females present a small, yet well-sclerotized these, at least S. jamesbondi and S. platnicki
dorsal abdominal scutum (figs. 247, 248), also share a wide, unsclerotized embolar tip
making this species the one that presents and a completely sclerotized conductor
theleastsexualdimorphism inthegenusand (figs. 308–309, 312–313). However, whereas
thus resembling in that regard the females of in S. jamesbondi the conductor is inserted on
the type species of Triaeris. This species is the bulb, adjacent to embolar base, in S.
also remarkable for another reason, the platnicki the conductor is inserted in the
presence of highly modified setae near the middle of the embolus. S. cachorro presents
tarsal claws presenting bulging, smooth, a highly complex, partially sclerotized con-
clawlike tips (figs. 23, 24). These false claws ductorthatislooselyattachedtothebulband
are present in some other species of Simlops to the basal part of embolus by a membra-
(figs. 25, 26), although not as conspicuously nous basal section (figs. 310–311).
asinS.bodanus.Interestingly,falseclawsare Theremainingthreespecies,S.guatopo,S.
also present in Triaeris, as reported by bodanus, and S. guianensis, presenta filiform
Platnick et al. (2013c), as well as in other distal third of the embolus, a condition
putatively unrelated genera, such as the shared by many species in the Scaphiella
Asian Aprusia Simon (see Grismado et al., complex and thus a putative symplesiomor-
2011), the Malagasy Malagiella Ubick and phy. At least Simlops bodanus and S.
Griswold (see Ubick and Griswold, 2011) guianensis may represent basal taxa, sister
and the Neotropical Ischnothyreus Simon to all other Simlops. Besides the filiform
(Platnick et al., 2012c). embolus, they also share another putatively
The species here described can be arranged symplesiomorphiccharacter,theconspicuous
infiveinformalspeciesgroups,definedmainly female posterior receptaculum (figs. 329,
by the shape of the embolus and conductor. 330), which is present at least in Pescennina.
The group that contains the type species, It is apparently absent in all remaining
Simlops pennai, presents an apically directed Simlops, except perhaps for S. platnicki,
embolus, which is nearly as wide basally as where it appears to be encapsulated by a
apically, and a sclerotized, basally expanded reinforced epigynal transverse bar (figs. 225–
conductor (figs. 290–297). The conductor 228, 328). As discussed above, females of
basal expansion is directed posteriorly in S. Simlopsbodanusareremarkableinpresenting
machadoi and S. similis (figs. 295, 297) but a small, round dorsal scutum, which is
dorsally in S. pennai and S. miudo (figs. 291, completelyseparatedfromthefrontalmargin
293). Three species, S. juruti, S. nadinae, and oftheepigastricscutum(fig. 248).Infemales
S. campinarana present a distally widened of S. guyanensis, the frontal margin of the
embolus, with a characteristic prolateral epigastric scutum is not straight, as in all
process, and small, completely hyaline con- other Simlops species, but presents a median
ductor (figs. 298–303). Another group, con- protusion (fig. 264) that may represent the
tainingS.bandeiranteandS.cristinae,maybe homologous counterpart of the dorsal scu-
united by having the embolar insertion tum of S. bodanus (see also the cover
displaced retrolaterally, with the distal pro- illustration). These features could be inter-
lateral section of bulbus angling almost preted as different steps of an independent
90u in dorsal view. These two species also gain of a dorsal scutum in females, thus
sharea particularlywideejaculatoryopening providing evidence that these putative basal
2014 BONALDO ETAL.: SIMLOPS, NEW GENUSOFGOBLIN SPIDERS 5
species form a monophyletic group. Alterna- description,onlysurfacesbearingspineswere
tively,theycouldberegardedasstagesinthe reported. The species are treated in the text
loss of a plesiomorphically present dorsal according to the informal groups of species
scutum, providing support for a monophy- discussed in the introduction, which are
letic group composed by all Simlops species reflected in the differential diagnosis of each
but S. bodanus and S. guianensis. species. As in Platnick and Dupe´rre´ (2011b),
The genus Simlops presents a larger only differences from the male (apart from
distribution than that of Niarchos and the lack of male endite modifications) are
Scaphios,whicharerestrictedtothenorthern mentioned in the descriptions of females.
Andean mountains and neighboring areas, Distributionmapswereassembledandedited
but not as large as the other representatives using DIVA-GIS (Hijmans et al., 2005) and
of the Scaphiella complex, which occur from Quantum Gis 1.8.0 (Quantum GIS Develop-
the United States or northern Mexico to as ment Team, 2012). High-resolution versions
far south as northern Brazil (Scaphiella), of the published images and supplementary
southern Brazil (Pescennina), or Chile (Esca- material will be available on the oonopid
phiella). The distribution of Simlops species PlanetaryBiodiversityInventory(PBI)project’s
is typically Amazonian, with most species website(http://research.amnh.org/oonopidae).
occurringin theAmazonBasinin Braziland
Colombia. Interestingly, the group that
includes the three species with the plesio-
COLLECTIONS EXAMINED
morphic slender emboli (S. guatopo, S.
bodanus, and S. guyanensis) seems to escape
that pattern, occurring in south Caribbean AMNH American Museum of Natural
localities instead of in the Amazon Basin, History,NewYork(N.I.Platnick)
which suggests this group as an interesting IBSP Instituto Butantan, Sa˜o Paulo
subject for biogeographic studies. (A.D. Brescovit)
ICN Instituto de Ciencias Naturales,
METHODS Universidad Nacional, Bogota´
(E. Florez)
Specimens were examined and photo- INPA Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas
graphed using a Leica M205A stereomicro- da Amazoˆnia, Manaus (C. Ma-
scope with a DFC420 camera and a Leica galha˜es)
MZ16A with a DFC500. Compound photo-
MCN Museu de Cieˆncias Naturais,
graphic images were assembled using the
Fundac¸a˜o Zoobotaˆnica do Rio
Leica application suite (LAS) software pack-
GrandedoSul,PortoAlegre(R.
age. Specimen parts were prepared for
Ott)
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) by
MCZ Museumof ComparativeZoolo-
cleaning in an ultrasonic digital washer
gy, Harvard University, Cam-
SoniClean 2P for few seconds, dehydrated
bridge, Massachusetts (L. Lei-
through stages of 80% to 100% ethanol, and
bensperger; G. Giribet)
air dried beneath a warm light. SEM images
MPEG Museu Paraense Em´ılio Goeldi,
were taken with a LEO 1450VP scanning
Bele´m (A.B. Bonaldo)
electronic microscope at MPEG. Male palp
SMNK Staatliches Museum fu¨r Natur-
drawings were made in MPEG’s Leica
kunde Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe (H.
M205A with a camera lucida. Drawings of
Ho¨fer).
female genitalia were made with a Leica
DM1000 compound microscope with a cam-
era lucida. Descriptions were generated
Simlops Bonaldo, Ott, and Ruiz, new genus
through the goblin spider PBI descriptive
database and shortened where possible. All TYPE SPECIES: Simlops pennai Bonaldo,
measurements are in millimeters and were new species.
made with a Leica M205A using the LAS ETYMOLOGY: The generic name, mascu-
Live Measurement module. For spination line in gender, is an unpublished name by
6 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OFNATURALHISTORY NO.388
A.M. Chickering, and is probably the con- setaenearposteriormargin of pars thoracica
traction of Simla, a locality in Trinidad, and absent; nonmarginal pars cephalica setae
Oonops. The name appeared in Chickering’s light, needlelike, present in U-shaped row
labels of specimens actually described as (in S. platnicki, U-shaped row broad, com-
Triaeris bodanus Chickering, 1968, a species posed by scattered setae); nonmarginal pars
now transferred to Simlops. thoracica setae light, needlelike. Clypeus
DIAGNOSIS: Members of Simlops resemble high, vertical in lateral view, margin slightly
those of Niarchos, Scaphios, Scaphiella, and rebordered, sinuous in front view, median
Escaphiella by the sexually dimorphic abdo- projection absent. Eyes: ALE separated by
men,inwhichmalespresentafullydeveloped more than their radius but less than their
dorsal scutum that is small or absent in diameter (by less than their radius in S.
females. They differ from those of Niarchos jamesbondi); ALE-PLE touching or separat-
and Scaphios by the absence of the sexually edbylessthanALEradius;PMEtouchingor
dimorphicsternum-pedicelinsertion(fusedin separated by less than their radius; PLE-
males and unfused in females; see Platnick PME separated by less than PME radius
and Dupe´rre´, 2010c: figs. 1–4), and from (touching in S. platnicki). ALE separated
those of Scaphiella and Escaphiella by the from edge of carapace by their radius or
absence of lateral extensions of the female more; setae present, needlelike. Chilum ab-
abdominal ventral scuta (see Platnick and sent. Six eyes, well developed (reduced in S.
Dupe´rre´, 2009: front cover illustration). The bandeirante, fig. 149), generally all subequal,
monophyly of the genus is putatively sup- but sometimes (S. campinarana, S. james-
ported by the male endites with an apical bondi, S. guyanensis) ALE largest; generally
excavation that originates three apical por- all eyes circular; in S. cachorro, S. campinar-
tions, a prolateral, curved process, with ana,S.jamesbondi,andS.similis,PMEoval;
laminar apices, a retrolateral process and a inS.platnicki,alleyesoval.Posterioreyerow
median, more dorsal, unsclerotized portion procurved from front, straight in S. guya-
(figs. 185, 208, 275–289). nensis. Sternum longer than wide (in S.
DESCRIPTION: Total length of males 1.63– platnicki nearly as long as wide), coloration
2.10, of females 1.84–2.63. Cephalothorax: uniform, not fused to carapace, median
Carapacewithoutanycolorpattern,elongate concavity absent, with radial furrows be-
ovalindorsalview(figs. 33,148),moreovoid tween coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, furrows
in females (figs. 2, 70, 124); pars cephalica wrinkled; radial furrow opposite coxae III
slightly elevatedinlateralview (figs. 1,8, 36, absent, surface without pits, generally finely
270), narrowedanteriorlynearly 0.5 timesits punctuate (figs. 9, 35, 142), smooth in S.
maximumwidth(figs. 54,116;narrowingless guyanensis and S. platnicki (figs. 10, 201,
abrupt in S. bandeirante and S. cristinae, 253); lateral margin without infracoxal
figs. 148, 156), with rounded posterolateral grooves, extensions of precoxal triangles
corners; posterolateral edge without pits, absent, sickle-shaped structures absent, ante-
posteriormarginnotbulgingbelowposterior riormarginunmodified,posteriormarginnot
rim, anterolateral corners without extension extending posteriorly of coxae IV, anterior
orprojections,posterolateralsurfacewithout corner unmodified, distance between coxae
spikes, surface of elevated portion of pars approximatelyequal,lateralmarginsunmod-
cephalica generally granulate (figs. 1, 2, 54), ified, without posterior hump; setae sparse,
sometimes finely reticulate (S. bodanus, S. light,needlelike, evenly scattered,originating
cachorro, S. cristinae, S. machadoi, and S. from surface, without hair tufts. Chelicerae
similis; figs. 62, 177, 243), rarely smooth (S. straight(S.bodanus,S.cachorro,S.cristinae,
bandeirante and S. platnicki; figs. 4, 5, 148, S. jamesbondi, S. machadoi, S. nadinae, S.
199); sides generally granulate (figs. 1, 3), pennai, S. platnicki, and S. similis) or slightly
rarely scaly (S. cachorro and S. platnicki; divergent (S. bandeirante, S. campinarana, S.
figs. 4, 180); lateral margin straight, rebor- guatopo, S. guyanensis, S. juruti, and S.
dered; pars thoracica without depressions, miudo); anterior face unmodified; fangs
fovea absent, without radiating rows of pits; without toothlike projections, directed medi-
lateral margin without denticles; plumose ally, shape normal, without prominent basal
2014 BONALDO ETAL.: SIMLOPS, NEW GENUSOFGOBLIN SPIDERS 7
process, tip unmodified; setae light, needle- icel, not protruding, small lateral sclerites
like, evenly scattered; paturon inner margin absent, without lateral joints in females; in
with short interdigitating setae, scattered in males extending far dorsal of pedicel, in
S.jamesbondiandS.platnicki.Paturondistal females not extending far dorsal of pedicel
region unmodified, posteriorsurface unmod- in S. machadoi, S. similis, and S. platnicki
ified, promargin unmodified, inner margin (figs. 76, 91, 220); postepigastric scutum of
unmodified,laminategrooveabsent.Labium males generally strongly sclerotized (weakly
generally triangular (rectangular in S. james- sclerotized in S. bandeirante and S. platnicki,
bondiandS.platnicki),notfusedtosternum, figs. 152, 203), fused to epigastric scutum,
anterior margin indented at middle (deeply anterior margin unmodified, without poste-
incised in S. bandeirante, fig. 150), same as riorly directed lateral apodemes; in females
sternum in sclerotization; subdistal portion short, only around epigastric furrow, not
with unmodified setae, with 3–5 setae on fused to epigastric scutum, generally only
anteriormargin,exceptinS.jamesbondi,with reaching groove connecting posterior spira-
6 or more. Endites not modified in females, cles (extending beyond groove in S. bodanus
distally excavated in males, with prolateral, and S. campinarana figs. 147, 250), generally
median, and retrolateral processes; same as without discrete lateral sclerotizations (pres-
sternum in sclerotization, except prolateral ent only in S. machadoi and S. similis,
and retrolateral processes, generally much figs. 77, 93). Spinneret scutum absent, with-
more heavily sclerotized than sternum; me- out fringe of setae, supraanal scutum absent.
dian process unsclerotized (figs. 275–289); Dorsum setae present, light, needlelike.
serrula present in single row, posteromedian Epigastric area setae uniform, light, needle-
part unmodified. Female palp without claw; like. Postepigastric area setae present, light,
spines absent; patella without prolateral row needlelike. Dense patch of setae anterior to
of ridges. Abdomen: Ovoid, without long spinneretsabsent.Interscutalmembranewith
posterior extension, rounded posteriorly; setae. Colulus generally represented only by
interscutal membrane rows of small sclero- setae (in S. platnicki, a small plate with two
tized platelets absent; dorsum soft portions setae). Spinnerets examined by SEM only in
without color pattern. Book lung covers female of S. pennai (figs. 29–32); anterior
large, generally ovoid (round only in S. lateralspinneretswithsinglemajorampullate
jamesbondi and S. platnicki), without setae, gland spigot and three piriform gland spigot
anterolateral edge unmodified. Posterior spi- (fig. 30); posterior median spinnerets with at
racles connected by groove. Pedicel with least six spigots (fig. 31); posterior lateral
scutopedicel region unmodified, plumose spinneretswith13aciniformspigots(fig. 32).
hairsabsent,mattedsetaeonanteriorventral Maleepigastricregionwithspermporesmall,
abdomen in pedicel area absent, cuticular situated at level of anterior spiracles, gener-
outgrowths near pedicel absent. Pedicel tube ally oval (triangular, with rounded angles in
of males medium, ribbed (in S. platnicki, S. bodanus, S. cachorro, S. guyanensis, S.
short, unmodified, fig. 203); Ventral pedicel nadinae, and S. platnicki; fig. 212); epigastric
sclerite fused to sternum in both males and furrow without V-shaped insertions, without
females (figs. 75, 145, 174, 197, 222, 265); setae. Legs: femur IV not thickened, same
Dorsal scutum present in males, absent in size as femora I–III, patella plus tibia I
majority of females (except in females of S. shorter than carapace, except in S. james-
bodanus, fig. 248); male dorsal scutum gen- bondi, near as long as carapace; tibia I
erally stronglysclerotized (weakly sclerotized unmodified, tibia IV ventral scopula absent;
in S. bandeirantes and S. platnicki, figs. 151, metatarsi I and II mesoapical comb absent,
202),covering1/2to3/4ofabdominallength metatarsi III and IV weak ventral scopula
(covering full length of abdomen in S. absent. Leg spines generally absent, present
campinarana),notfusedtoepigastricscutum, only at tibia I of S. cachorro, at tibia IV of
smooth, anterior half without projecting males of S. platnicki and at all tibiae and at
denticles.Epigastricscutumgenerallystrong- metatarsusIoffemalesofS.platnicki.Tarsal
ly sclerotized (weakly sclerotized in S. ban- proclaws and retroclaws inner face smooth;
deirante and S. platnicki), surrounding ped- tarsus I superior claws with six teeth on
8 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OFNATURALHISTORY NO.388
lateral surface of proclaw; tarsusIII superior bearing short posterior apodemes; posterior
claws with five teeth on lateral surface of receptaculumconspicuousonlyinS.bodanus
retroclaw; tarsus IV superior claws with five and S. guyanensis (figs. 329, 330).
teethonlateralsurfaceofretroclaw(figs. 21– DISTRIBUTION: South Caribbean to Ama-
28). Inferior claw absent. Claws of legs III zon basin.
and IV accompanied by modified setae with
small clawlike tips (false claws) at least in S.
KEY TO SPECIES
pennai and S. juruti (figs. 25, 26); false claws
extremely developed in S. bodanus (figs. 23, 1. Males. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
24), absent at least in S. platnicki (figs. 27, – Females(thoseofS.bandeirante,S.cristinae,
28). Trichobothria tibia IV three; metatarsus S.miudo,andS.guatopo, unknown). . . . 16
I one, IV one; base longitudinally narrowed, 2. Endites with extremely long apical process
aperture internal texture not gratelike, hood (figs. 208, 286) . . . . . . . . . . . . S.platnicki
covered by numerous low, closely spaced – Endites with retroapical process not so
ridges (figs. 11, 12). Tarsal organs of palp developed (figs. 275, 282, 285) . . . . . . . . 3
3. Embolus flattened dorsoventrally, with a
andlegsIandIIwiththreesensillae(figs. 13,
prolateral process (figs. 298,300, 302). . . 4
14, 17, 18), of legs III and IV with two
– Embolus otherwise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
sensillae (figs. 15, 16, 19, 20) (only S. juruti
4. Embolar prolateral process apical (figs.300,
surveyed). Genitalia: Male palp normally
301). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S.nadinae
sized, not strongly sclerotized, right and left
– Embolarprolateralprocessmedian(figs.298,
palps symmetrical; proximal segments pale
302). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
orange, cymbium and bulbus pale orange to 5. Embolar prolateral process restricted to
yellow, embolus dark; trochanter normally prolateral margin (fig.298) . . . . . S.juruti
sized,unmodified;femurnormallysized, two – Embolar prolateral process a transverse
or more times as long as trochanter, attach- incisionoccupyinghalfthewidthofembolus
ing to patella basally, without posteriorly dorsal surface(fig.302). . . S.campinarana
rounded lateral dilation; patella shorter than 6. Embolus arched dorsoventrally, distal third
femur, not enlarged, without prolateral row filiform(figs.314, 317, 319). . . . . . . . . . 7
of ridges, setae unmodified; cymbium com- – Embolus otherwise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7. Conductor fully sclerotized, with basal pro-
pletely fused with bulb, no seam visible, not
cesses(figs. 318,319). . . . . . . . . S.guatopo
extending beyond distal tip of bulb, plumose
– Conductor partiallysclerotized,without pro-
setae absent, without distal patch of setae;
cesses(figs. 314,317). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
stoutsetaeabsent,exceptinS.cristinae,with
8. Embolus relatively long (almost same length
two stout setae in prolateral margin; bulb 1
ascymbium),withbasalconstriction(figs.234,
to 1.5 times as long as cymbium. Embolus
314) ............ S.bodanus(Chickering)
without prolateral excavation,long, typically – Embolus relatively short (less than half the
bent prolaterally; generally with wide apices cymbial length), not basally constricted
(filiform in S. bodanus, S. guyanensis, and S. (figs. 256, 317) . . . . . . . . . . . S.guyanensis
guatopo, figs. 314–319); generally inserted 9. Embolus inserted prolaterally, flattened lat-
retroapically (inserted proapically in S. ban- erally, copulatory opening large, located in
deirante and S. cristinae, figs. 304, 306); a prolateral, apical excavation (figs. 305,
apices sclerotized (wide, partially hyaline in 307). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
S.jamesbondiandS.platnicki,figs. 309,313). – Embolus otherwise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
10. Conductor small and relatively short (less
Conductoralways present,hyaline(figs. 299,
than half the embolus length), with narrow
303), partially sclerotized (figs. 314, 317) or
base (figs. 304,305). . . . . . . S.bandeirante
completely sclerotized (figs. 291, 309, 313);
– Conductor large and relatively long (almost
inserted prolaterally in apices of bulbus
same length as embolus), with wide base
(figs. 291, 296), in embolar base (figs. 305,
(figs. 306, 307) . . . . . . . . . . . . S.cristinae
310) or in embolar body (fig. 312). Female 11. Conductorwithbasallamellae(figs.291,293,
genitalia without anterior receptaculum, an- 295,297) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
teromedian rod present, generally with T- – Conductor otherwise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
shaped tip; transverse bar straight (fig. 320), 12. Basallamellaeofconductorextendingtoward
recurved (fig. 325) or M-shaped (fig. 323), base ofcymbium (figs. 294, 296). . . . . . . 13
2014 BONALDO ETAL.: SIMLOPS, NEW GENUSOFGOBLIN SPIDERS 9
– Basallamellaeofconductordirecteddorsally with long, acute anteriomedian rod (fig.
(figs. 291,293) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 327). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S.cachorro
13. Embolus tubular; conductor shorter than – Lateroanteriormarginsofpostepigastricscu-
embolus(figs. 294,295). . . . . . S.machadoi tumnotexpandedanteriorly(fig.224);vulva
– Embolus flattened apically; conductor larger with short, bush-shaped anteriomedian rod
thanembolus(figs. 296,297) . . . . S.similis (fig.328). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S.platnicki
14. Basal lamellae of conductor wide, distal
portion of conductor filiform (figs. 292, Simlops pennai Bonaldo, new species
293). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S.miudo Figures 1, 2, 25, 29–53, 275, 290, 291, 320
– Basal lamellae of conductor narrow, distal
portion of conductor lamellar (figs. 290, TYPES: Male holotype from Estac¸a˜o Cien-
291). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S.pennai t´ıfica Ferreira Penna, Floresta Nacional de
15. Conductorpartiallyhyaline,compact,folded Caxiuana˜,01u44918.020S51u27948.010W,Oct.
onitself(figs.310, 311) . . . . . . S.cachorro 01,2003toNov.01,2003,EquipeMPEGcol.
– Conductor fully sclerotized, long, and flat- (MPEG 15374, PBI_OON 40507); female
tened(figs. 308,309). . . . . . . S.jamesbondi
paratype from same locality, Aug. 17, 2003,
16. Abdomen with a discrete frontal round
J.A.P. Barreiros col. (MPEG 10293, PBI_
scutum(fig.248)... S.bodanus(Chickering)
OON40508).
– Abdomenotherwise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
17. Frontal margin of epigastric scutum with ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a
medianprotrusion(fig.264) ... S.guyanensis patronym in honor of Domingos Soares
– Frontal margin of epigastric scutum without Ferreira Penna, who, by suggestion of Louis
median protrusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Agassiz, founded in 1866 the Phylomatic
18. Postepigastric scutum extending posteriorly, Association that later became the Goeldi
beyondgrooveconnectingposteriorspiracles Museum. The types were collected in a
(fig.147).. . . . . . . . . . . . . S.campinarana scientific station, also named after Ferreira
– Postepigastric scutum restricted to groove Penna, that is maintained by the museum.
connecting posterior spiracles (figs. 93, 115,
DIAGNOSIS: Males of Simlops pennai re-
176). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
semblesthoseofS.miudo,S.machadoi,andS.
19. Small, discretesclerotizations lateral to post-
similis by the sclerotized, basally expanded
epigastricscutumpresent(figs. 77,93)... 20
conductor; differ from those of S. machadoi
– Postepigastric scutum without such scleroti-
zations (fig.53,131, 198). . . . . . . . . . . . 21 and S. similis by the basal expansion of
20. Posterior margin of epigastric scutum pro- conductordirecteddorsallyandfromthoseof
curved,mediallysclerotized(fig.77)........ S. miudo by wide distal third of conductor
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S.machadoi (figs. 39,46,290, 291).Femalescanbereadily
– Posteriormarginofepigastricscutumstraight, distinguished from those of S. machadoi and
notmediallysclerotized(fig.93).......... S. similis by the epigastric furrow without
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S.similis
mediansclerotization(fig. 53)and,internally,
21. Epigastric furrow medially incised (figs. 115,
by the nearly straight transverse bar and
323). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S.juruti
divergentapodemes (fig. 320).
– Epigastric furrow otherwise . . . . . . . . . . 22
22. Postepigastricscutumenlargedlaterallyaround MALE (PBI_OON 40507, figs. 1, 25, 33–
posteriorspiracles(figs.53,131) ....... 23 46, 275, 290, 291): Total length 1.99. Cara-
– Postepigastricscutumotherwise . . . . . . . 24 pace dark red-brown, sternum and mouth-
23. Epigastric furrow without median sclerotiza- parts orange-brown, legs pale orange; abdo-
tion(fig.53);Vulvawithwidetransversebar men soft portions pale white, abdominal
and long apodemes(fig.320) . . . . S.pennai scuta orange-brown. Sternal microsculpture
– Epigastric furrow with median sclerotization covering almost entire surface, absent in
(fig.131); Vulva with narrow transverse bar front of coxae. Endites with retrolateral
and shortapodemes(fig.324). . . S.nadinae
process hump shaped, not bent prolaterally;
24. Anteriormarginofpostepigastricscutumwith
prolateral process stout, tip blunt, folded
widesclerotizedband(figs.198,224).... 25
retrolaterally; median process not protruded
– Anterior margin of postepigastric scutum with-
(figs. 41, 275). Postepigastric scutum almost
out such band (fig.176); vulva with long, T-
shapedmedianrod(fig.326)... S.jamesbondi semicircular, covering about 2/3 of abdomi-
25. Lateroanteriormarginsofpostepigastricscu- nal length. Palp: embolus short, tubular,
tum expanded anteriorly (fig. 198); vulva slightly narrowed toward distal end; conduc-