About the Author Page: iii Contents at a Glance Page: vii Table of Contents Page: ix Introduction Page: 1 About This Book Page: 1 Conventions Used in This Book Page: 1 What You’re Not to Read Page: 2 Foolish Assumptions Page: 2 How This Book Is Organized Page: 2 Icons Used in This Book Page: 4 Where to Go from Here Page: 4 Part I: Getting Started with Signals and Systems Page: 7 Chapter 1: Introducing Signals and Systems Page: 9 Applying Mathematics Page: 10 Getting Mixed Signals . . . and Systems Page: 11 Classifying Signals Page: 14 Signals and Systems in Other Domains Page: 16 Testing Product Concepts with Behavioral Level Modeling Page: 18 Exploring Familiar Signals and Systems Page: 20 Using Computer Tools for Modeling and Simulation Page: 23 Seeing the Big Picture Page: 26 Chapter 2: Brushing Up on Math Page: 29 Revealing Unknowns with Algebra Page: 29 Making Nice Signal Models with Trig Functions Page: 35 Manipulating Numbers: Essential Complex Arithmetic Page: 36 Catching Up with Calculus Page: 44 Finding Polynomial Roots Page: 50 Chapter 3: Continuous-Time Signals and Systems Page: 51 Considering Signal Types Page: 52 Getting Hip to Signal Classifications Page: 60 Transforming Simple Signals Page: 69 Checking Out System Properties Page: 72 Choosing Linear and Time-Invariant Systems Page: 75 Chapter 4: Discrete-Time Signals and Systems Page: 77 Exploring Signal Types Page: 77 Surveying Signal Classifications in the Discrete-Time World Page: 83 Computer Processing: Capturing Real Signals in Discrete-Time Page: 89 Classifying Systems in Discrete-Time Page: 92 Part II: Exploring the Time Domain Page: 97 Chapter 5: Continuous-Time LTI Systems and the Convolution Integral Page: 99 Establishing a General Input/Output Relationship Page: 100 Working with the Convolution Integral Page: 105 Stepping Out and More Page: 116 Chapter 6: Discrete-Time LTI Systems and the Convolution Sum Page: 119 Specializing the Input/Output Relationship Page: 120 Simplifying with Convolution Sum Properties and Techniques Page: 124 Working with the Convolution Sum Page: 133 Chapter 7: LTI System Differential and Difference Equations in the Time Domain Page: 149 Getting Differential Page: 150 Checking out the Difference Equations Page: 156 Part III: Picking Up the Frequency Domain Page: 163 Chapter 8: Line Spectra and Fourier Series of Periodic Continuous-Time Signals Page: 165 Sinusoids in the Frequency Domain Page: 166 General Periodic Signals: The Fourier Series Representation Page: 175 Chapter 9: The Fourier Transform for Continuous-Time Signals and Systems Page: 191 Tapping into the Frequency Domain for Aperiodic Energy Signals Page: 192 Getting Around the Rules with Fourier Transforms in the Limit Page: 210 LTI Systems in the Frequency Domain Page: 213 Chapter 10: Sampling Theory Page: 219 Seeing the Need for Sampling Theory Page: 220 Periodic Sampling of a Signal: The ADC Page: 221 Analyzing the Impact of Quantization Errors in the ADC Page: 226 Analyzing Signals in the Frequency Domain Page: 228 Applying the Low-Pass Sampling Theorem Page: 233 Reconstructing a Bandlimited Signal from Its Samples: The DAC Page: 234 Chapter 11: The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform for Discrete-Time Signals Page: 241 Getting to Know DTFT Page: 242 Working with Special Signals Page: 252 LTI Systems in the Frequency Domain Page: 258 Taking Advantage of the Convolution Theorem Page: 260 Chapter 12: The Discrete Fourier Transform and Fast Fourier Transform Algorithms Page: 263 Establishing the Discrete Fourier Transform Page: 264 The DFT/IDFT Pair Page: 265 DFT Theorems and Properties Page: 270 Computing the DFT with the Fast Fourier Transform Page: 277 Application Example: Transform Domain Filtering Page: 280 Part IV: Entering the s- and z-Domains Page: 283 Chapter 13: The Laplace Transform for Continuous-Time Page: 285 Seeing Double: The Two-Sided Laplace Transform Page: 286 Digging into the One-Sided Laplace Transform Page: 290 Checking Out LT Properties Page: 292 Getting Back to the Time Domain Page: 298 Working with the System Function Page: 302 Chapter 14: The z-Transform for Discrete-Time Signals Page: 307 The Two-Sided z-Transform Page: 308 The Region of Convergence Page: 309 Returning to the Time Domain Page: 315 Surveying z-Transform Properties Page: 320 Leveraging the System Function Page: 323 Chapter 15: Putting It All Together: Analysis and Modeling Across Domains Page: 327 Relating Domains Page: 328 Using PyLab for LCC Differential and Difference Equations Page: 329 Mashing Domains in Real-World Cases Page: 334 Part V: The Part of Tens Page: 343 Chapter 16: More Than Ten Common Mistakes to Avoid When Solving Problems Page: 345 Miscalculating the Folding Frequency Page: 345 Getting Confused about Causality Page: 346 Plotting Errors in Sinusoid Amplitude Spectra Page: 346 Missing Your Arctan Angle Page: 347 Being Unfamiliar with Calculator Functions Page: 347 Foregoing the Return to LCCDE Page: 348 Ignoring the Convolution Output Interval Page: 348 Forgetting to Reduce the Numerator Order before Partial Fractions Page: 348 Forgetting about Poles and Zeros from H(z) Page: 349 Missing Time Delay Theorems Page: 349 Disregarding the Action of the Unit Step in Convolution Page: 349 Chapter 17: Ten Properties You Never Want to Forget Page: 351 LTI System Stability Page: 351 Convolving Rectangles Page: 351 The Convolution Theorem Page: 352 Frequency Response Magnitude Page: 352 Convolution with Impulse Functions Page: 352 Spectrum at DC Page: 353 Frequency Samples of N-point DFT Page: 353 Integrator and Accumulator Unstable Page: 353 The Spectrum of a Rectangular Pulse Page: 354 Odd Half-Wave Symmetry and Fourier Series Harmonics Page: 354 Index Page: 355
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