Signal Transduction in Photoreceptor Cells: Proceedings of an International Workshop Held at the Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Fed. Rep. of Germany, 8–11 August 1990 PDF
Preview Signal Transduction in Photoreceptor Cells: Proceedings of an International Workshop Held at the Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Fed. Rep. of Germany, 8–11 August 1990
Research Reports in Physics Research Reports in Physics Nuclear Structure of the Zirconium Region Editors: J. Eberth, R. A. Meyer, and K. Sistemich Ecodynamics Contributions to Theoretical Ecology Editors: W. Wolff, c.-J. Soeder, and F. R. Drepper . Nonlinear Waves 1 Dynamics and Evolution Editors: A. V. Gaponov-Grekhov, M. I. Rabinovich, and J. Engelbrecht Nonlinear Waves 2 Dynamics and Evolution Editors: A. V. Gaponov-Grekhov, M. I. Rabinovich, and J. Engelbrecht Nonlinear Waves 3 Physics and Astrophysics Editors: A. V. Gaponov-Grekhov, M. I. Rabinovich, and J. Engelbrecht Nuclear Astrophysics Editors: M. Lozano, M.1. Gallardo, andJ. M. Arias Optimized LCAO Method and the Electronic Structure of Extended Systems By H. Eschrig Nonlinear Waves in Active Media Editor: J. Engelbrecht Problems of Modem Quantum Field Theory Editors: A. A. Belavin, A. U. Klimyk, and A. B. Zamolodchikov Fluctuational Superconductivity of Magnetic Systems By M. A. Savchenko and A. V. Stefanovich Nonlinear Evolntion Eqnations and Dynamical Systems Editors: S. Carillo and O. Ragnisco Nonlinear Physics Editors: Gu Chaohao, Li Yishen, and Tu Guizhang Nonlinear Waves in Waveguides with Stratification By S. B. Leble Quark-Gluon Plasma Editors: B. Sinha, S. Pal, and S. Raha Symmetries and Singularity Structures Integrability and Chaos in Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Editors: M. Lakshmanan and M. Daniel Modeling Air-Lake Interaction Physical Background Editor: S. S. Zilitinkevich Nonlinear Evolution Equations and Dynamical Systems NEEDS '90 Editors: V. G. Makhankov and O. K. Pashaev Solitons and Chaos Editors: I. Antoniou and J. F. Lambert Electron-Electron Correlation Effects in Low-Dimensional Conductors and Superconductors Editors: A. A. Ovchinnikov and 1.1. Ukrainskii Signal Transduction in Photoreceptor Cells Editors: P. A. Hargrave, K. P. Hofmann, and U. B. Kaupp P. A. Hargrave K. P. Hofmann V.B. Kaupp (Eds.) Signal Transduction in Photoreceptor Cells Proceedings of an International Workshop Held at the Research Centre lillich, Jillich, Fed. Rep. of Germany, 8-11 August 1990 With 92 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest Professor Dr. Paul A. Hargrave Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA Professor Dr. Klaus Peter Hofmann Institut flir Biophysik und Strahlenbiologie, Universitat Freiburg, AlbertstraBe 23, W-7800 Freiburg, Fed. Rep. of Germany Professor Dr. U. Benjamin Kaupp Institut fiir Biologische Informationsverarbeitung, KFA Jiilich, Postfach 1913, W-5170 Jiilich, Fed. Rep. of Germany ISBN-13: 978-3-540-53765-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-76482-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-76482-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Signal transduction in photoreceptor cells: proceedings of an international workshop, held at the Research Centre Jiilich, Jiilich, Fed. Rep. of Germany, 8-11 August 19901 P. A. Hargrave, K. P. Hofmann, UB. Kaupp (eds.). p. cm. - (Research reports in physics) Contains edited papers presented at the International Symposium on Signal Transduction in Photoreceptor Cells. Includes biblio- graphical references and index. ISBN-13:978-3-540-53765-6 (Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg: acid-free paper) 1. Photorecep- tors-Congresses. 2. Cellular signal transduction-Congresses. 3. Visual pigments-Congresses. I. Hargrave, P. A. (Paul A.), 1938-. II. Hofmann, K. P. (Klaus Peter), 1943 -. III. Kaupp, 0. B. (0. Benjamin), 1949-. IV. Interna- tional Symposium on Signal Transduction in Photoreceptor Cells (1990: Forschungszentrum Jiilich) V. Series. QP 475.S564 1991 591.1'823-dc20 91-38290 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is per- mitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1992 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regula- tions and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Camera ready by authors 57/3140-543210 - Printed on acid-free paper Preface This volume contains manuscripts based upon talks presented at the International Symposium on Signal Transduction in Photoreceptor Cells which was held at the Forschungszentrum Jiilich August 8-11, 1990.* The meeting was dedicated to the memory of Hermann Kuhn who made major contributions to our understand- ing of transduction pathways in visual cells. Presentations at the meeting were organized around the following topics: (1) Rhodopsin Structure and Function, (2) Transducin and Phosphodiesterase, (3) Arrestin and Kinase, (4) The cGMP-gated channel, (5) Role of Ca2+ in Photoreceptors, and (6) Transduction in Inverte- brates. In a Plenary Lecture, D. Oesterhelt (Martinsried, FRG) described the sen- sory transduction system of the halobacteria. These primitive organisms employ several retinal-containing pigments for sensory and ion-translocation purposes. Their study is intrinsically interesting as well as serving as potential models for the understanding of more complex systems. Study of the structure and function of rhodopsin has been greatly aided by use of the methods of molecular biology. T. Sakmar (Cambridge, MA, USA) described his use of site specific mutagenesis to make systematic substitutions of charged residues in the transmembrane helices of rhodopsin, leading to iden- tification of the particular glutamic acid residue that serves as a counterion for the protonated Schiff base. Vertebrate rhodopsin has also been cloned and ex- pressed in the baculovirus system, (W. DeGrip, Nijmegen, The Netherlands) which should facilitate production of sufficient quantities of mutant rhodopsin to allow biophysical studies. An invertebrate rhodopsin, from octopus, has been cloned and expressed (N. Abdulaev, Moscow, USSR). Although homologous to vertebrate rhodopsins, this pigment also contains an unusual carboxyl-terminal tail rich in prolines and glutamines. P. Hargrave and J.H. McDowell (Gainesville, FL, USA) described their calorimetric studies on rhodopsin that show that the transmembrane retinal-binding domain of the protein imparts most of its structural stability. Details of the mechanism of visual transduction are now better understood than for any other sensory system. K.P. Hofmann (Freiburg, FRG) presented his studies on the interaction of transducin and rhodopsin that identify those sites involved in binding of transducin as distinguished from its activation. The steps in the formation of the complex between photoexcited rhodopsin and transducin * The complete material had reached Springer-Verlag by October 1991. VII Israel) presented his findings on the biochemical basis for retinal degeneration in the Drosophila rdgB mutant. The defect in the mutant appears to increase Ca2+ influx to the cell, which may represent a more general mechanism lead- ing to photoreceptor cell death. Analysis of the ninaA Drosophila mutant has led us to the unexpected finding that its gene product, the prolyl cis-trans iso- merase cyclophilin, is required for normal expression of rhodopsin (B.-J. Shieh and C. Zuker, La Jolla, CA, USA). This suggests that rhodopsin may need this helper protein in order to achieve its proper folded structure. Finally, R. Paulsen (Karlsruhe, FRG) presented the complete sequence of Calliphora rhodopsin and described his unexpected observation that the early protein product is initially glycosylated but the mature protein becomes deglycosylated. The papers in this volume present a current and timely view of our state of knowledge of visual transduction as we enter the last decade of the 20th century. Our understanding of the molecular basis of vision has progressed exponentially in the recent past, from the time of the entry of Hermann Kuhn to the area of vision research in 1972. The exciting discoveries we have described here should serve to pave the way for even greater advances in the future. Jiilich, U.B. Kaupp August 1991 Contents Hennann Kuhn - In Memoriam By P.A. Hargrave and M. Chabre (With 4 Figures) 1 Plenary Lecture The Eyes of Halobacteria By D. Oesterhelt .................................. 13 Part I Rhodopsin - Structure and Function Mutagenesis Studies of Rhodopsin Phototransduction By T.P. Sakmar, R.R. Franke, and H.G. Khorana (With 5 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Structural Stability of Rhodopsin and Opsin Studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry By J.H. McDowell, S.M.A. Khan, D.W. Bolen, M.M. Santoro, and P.A. Hargrave (With 2 Figures) ..................... 31 Molecular Analysis of Photoreceptor Protein Function By W.J. de Grip, J.J.M. Janssen, R.G. Foster, H.-W. Korf, K.J. Rothschild, E. Nevo, and G.LJ. de Caluwe (With 7 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Octopus Rhodopsin By N.G. Abdulaev, I.D. Artamonov, and D.V. Zubov (With 1 Figure) ................................... 60 Part II Transducin and Phosphodiesterase The Activation of Transducin: Studies on its Mechanism and Modulation By K.P. Hofmann and M. Kahlert (With 10 Figures) .......... 71 x The Transitory Complexes. Between Photoexcited Rhodopsin and Transducin. Biochemical and Spectroscopic Studies By F. Bornancin and C. Pfister (With 8 Figures) ............. 103 The Rate of GTP Hydrolysis by Transducin and the Termination of the cGMP Cascade in Retinal Rods By T.M. Vuong, F. Pages, P. Deterre, and M. Chabre (With 5 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 119 The Molecular Biology of the Rod Photoreceptor cOMP Phosphodiesterase a- and ,a-Subunits By W. Baehr and SJ. Pittler (With 7 Figures) .............. 132 Part ill Deactivation Mechanisms The Phosphorylation of Rhodopsin By K. Palczewski and P.A. Hargrave .................... 151 Mechanisms of ,a-Adrenergic Receptor Desensitization By MJ. Lohse .................................... 160 Part IV The cGMP-gated Channel Gating Kinetics of the cGMP-Activated Conductance of Retinal Cones By K.-W. Yau and L.W. Haynes ....................... 175 Molecular Properties of the cGMP-gated Cation Channel of Rod Photoreceptor Cells as Probed with Monoclonal Antibodies By R.S. Molday, D.M. Reid, O. Connell, and L.L. Molday (With 7 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 180 Cyclic Nucleotide-gated Channels - A Family of Proteins Involved in Vertebrate Photoreception and Olfaction By U.B. Kaupp, M. Vingron, W. Altenhofen, W. Bonigk, E. Eismann, and 1. Ludwig (With 5 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 195 Part V Ca2+ Metabolism and Light Adaptation Interactions Between Calcium and cGMP in Dialyzed Detached Retinal Rod Outer Segments By G. Rispoli and P.B. Detwiler (With 5 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . .. 217 XI The Role of Cytoplasmic Calcium Concentration in Photoreceptor Light Adaptation By T.D. Lamb (With 8 Figures) ........................ 236 Photoreceptor Guanylate Cyclase and Its Regulation by Calcium By K.-W. Koch and H.-G. Lambrecht (With 5 Figures) ........ 259 Part VI Transduction in Invertebrates Cyc1ic-GMP Phosphodiesterase in Photoreceptor Cells in Limulus Ventral Eye By M. Inoue, K. Ackermann, and 1.E. Brown (With 2 Figures) 271 The Molecular Mechanism of Retinal Degeneration in the Retinal Degeneration B (rdgB) Mutant of Drosophila By B. Minke, C.T. Rubinstein, I. Sahly, S. Bar-Nachum, E. Suss, 1. Kleiman, T. Byk, and Z. Selinger (With 6 Figures) ......... 281 Glycosylation of Dipteran Opsins During Membrane Biogenesis By A. Huber and R. Paulsen (With 5 Figures) .............. 299 Molecular Genetics of Visual Transduction in Drosophila By B.-H. Shieh and C.S. Zuker ........................ 308 Index of Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 315 Subject Index .................................... 317 Hermann Kuhn - In Memoriam P.A. Hargrave and M. Chabre Hermann Kuhn was 49 years old when he died tragically in a mountaineering accident on March 29th, 1988. We, in the visual sciences research community, mourn his passing. As a visible expression of the high regard we had for Hermann, we have gathered together for a meeting in his honor and to publish this collected volume dedicated to his memory. Hermann's life touched all of us, and our lives are richer because he lived. Hermann led a life rich both in experiences and in contributions. Each of us was privileged to share a different part and a unique part of that life. Many of us, his scientific colleagues, were influenced by his scientific accomplishments. Some of us shared his music. Some of us were touched by his enthusiasm for the outdoors. All of us admired the quiet and unassuming demeanor that accompanied his many talents. He was a generous friend. Hermann was born in 1939, and grew up in what we would all agree were difficult times. As a youth he showed many accomplishments; in music and sports as well as in his academic work. Hermann studied chemistry at the Universities of Munich and Heidelberg, and received his Ph.D. in 1967. He continued research at Heidelberg, and then in 1970, came to the United States, to California, with his wife Annie and their young son Christoph. At CalTech he studied membrane biochemistry with Bill Dreyer. At that period of time there were other postdoctoral fellows working in the laboratory; David Papermaster, Paul Hargrave, and later, Bob Molday. Hermann began the study of muscle ATPase, while Papermaster and Hargrave worked on rhodopsin. Hermann did a comparative experiment using rod cell outer segments, and the rest is history. He found that rhodopsin became phosphorylated in the presence of light. This finding shaped the rest of his scientific career and propelled him into the area of vision research.
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