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Siberia In The Seventeenth Century: A Study Of The Colonial Administration PDF

249 Pages·1943·12.919 MB·English
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN HISTORY VOLUME XXX 194$ EDITORS R.J. KERNER G. H. GUTTRIDGE F. L. PAXSON SIBERIA IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY A Study of the Colonial Administration BY GEORGE V. LANTZEFF From the Library of Fritz T. Epstein, Professor of History and Curator of Slavic Collections, Indi­ ana University, 1962-1969. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES 1943 University op California Publications in History Editors (Berkeley) : B. J. Kerner, G. H. Guttridoe, F. L. Paxson Volume 30, pp. x + 1-236, 2 illus. Submitted by editors December 13,1940 Issued October 18,1943 Price : cloth, $2.75 ; paper, $2.00 University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles California Cambridge University Press London, England PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA PREFACE One of the most spectacular aspects of Russian history is the ) unique, enormous, and continuous expansion of Russia. The insignificant Muscovite principality succeeded in welding to­ gether numerous, mutually antagonistic segments of the Russian nation, creating a large state on the plain of eastern Europe. Blocked in the west by strong neighbors, this state, by the sixteenth century, had thrown tenacious offshoots and tentacles toward the East. Over the Ural Mountains went Russian merchants, wave after wave, adventurers and colonists, very much in the same way as Spanish, Portuguese, English, and French empire builders pushed across the ocean toward the Americas. The conquest of Siberia presents a picture somewhat analogous to the conquest of the Amer­ ican continent, and it is remarkable for the speed of the Russian advance. At the end of the sixteenth century the fall of the Siberian khanate (a small Tatar kingdom just beyond the Urals) opened the gate to Asia. By the middle of the seventeenth century the Russian Cossack conquistadors were on the shores of the Pacific. The end of the same century brought the whole of northern Asia under the hand of the Muscovite sovereign. Parallel with the conquest, pre­ senting another human saga of heroism and viciousness, of valiant and vile deeds, went the less picturesque, but far more important process of the development and growth of colonial institutions. It is to be noted, however, that while the acquisition of colonies and their consequent administration by west European powers have aroused a great deal of interest and been studied in detail, the Russian conquest and colonial administration of Siberia have not as yet received sufficient attention. In the twentieth century the subject of Russian expansion began to interest American historians. The ice was broken by Professor Frank A. Colder, who in 1914 published his Russian Expansion on the Pacific. Since then there have appeared two impressive bibli­ ographies dealing with Russian history, compiled by Professor Robert J. Kemer, contributions toward the study of the Russian past and present. Also, in one of his numerous publications, Profes­ sor Kemer made clear the significance of the search for a food base in the Russian exploits on and across the Pacific. Under his direc­ tion several investigations were prepared treating different phases [V] Ti Preface of Russian history, among them The Russian Fur Trade1 by Profes­ sor Raymond H. Fisher, who analyzed the fur trade as a motive for Russian expansion. Finally, in 1942 Professor Kerner published The Urge to the Sea,* * which investigates the fundamental causes and methods of Russian expansion and offers a new approach to the interpretation of Russian history. At the suggestion of Profes­ sor Kerner this study has been undertaken to show the mechanism of the early Russian colonial administration and the policies practiced in Siberia by both central and local authorities. Perhaps an explanation should be made of Russian terms used in this study for which there are no English equivalents. Because the plural of Russian nouns is often unrecognizable to an English reader, the following system was used : For Russian nouns which form the plural simply by adding » or y to the singular, instead of these endings the English plural ending s has been used ; thus the Russian singular of diak has been changed in the plural form to diaks, instead of diaki. When the structure of the Russian norm in the plural form was quite different from that in the singular form, however, the Russian plural has been retained in order to avoid mutilation, as in the word streltsy, which has the singular form strelets. An index of Russian terms, with accents to indicate their correct pronunciation, has been added; page references designate the place where the explanation or translation of the term is given. In addition to the aid which I received from Professor Keiner in the selection of the topic, I am under deep obligation to him for his helpful and stimulating guidance, as well as for his assistance in various ways. I am also indebted for helpful suggestions to several friends. a. v. I». Berkeley, California. 1 Uniy. Calif. Pnbl. Hiat., Vol. 31 (Berkeley, 1943). * Pull title: The Urge to the Sea: The Course of Russian History—The Role of Rivers, Portages, Ostrogs, Monasteries, and Furs (Berkeley, 1942). CONTENTS CHAPTER PAO* I. The Siberian Pbikaz, as a Central Agency of Siberian Colonial Administration...................... 1 Origin of the Prikazes—History of the Siberian Prikaz—Per­ sonnel of the Siberian Prikaz—Organization of the Siberian Prikaz—Policies of the Siberian Prikaz in Siberian Affairs— Relations between the Siberian Prikaz and Other Prikazes— Position of the Siberian Prikaz with Respect to the Boiarskaia Duma II. The Feudal Background of Siberian Administra­ tion .......................................................................................19 The System of “Kormlenie”—Administrative Experimentation in the Sixteenth Century—Introduction of Administration by Voevodas III. Territorial Organization of Siberia..............................33 Rise of the Principal Towns—Siberian Razriads IV. Siberian Officials..................................................................47 Voevodas—The Staff of the Voevodas—Minor Officials V. Military Administration of Siberia................................62 The Boiar Sons—Litva—Streltsy—Cossacks—Auxiliary Troops —Origin of the Siberian Army—Burdens and Hardships of the Siberian Service—Discontent and Disturbances among the Serving Men VI. Administration of the Natives......................................87 Methods of Conquest—Russian Treatment of the Native Upper Class—Government Policies toward the Natives in General— Obligations and Grievances of the Natives VII. Financial Administration of Siberia..........................116 Personnel of the Siberian Financial Administration—Iasak— The Customs Administration in Siberia—The Siberian Tax Sys­ tem—The Wine Monopoly—Government Trade—Local Govern­ ment Enterprises—Siberian Expenditures—Colonial Profits VIII. Government Colonization of Siberia..........................155 Nonagricultural Colonization—Agricultural Colonization—Vil­ lage Administration—The Development of Agriculture in Siberia IX. State and Church...............................................................176 Encouragement of the Activities of the Church by the State- Business Activities of the Church—Government Opposition to the Acquisitiveness of the Church—Conflict between Local Ecclesiastical and Civil Authorities [Ttt] viii Contents CHAPTER PAGE X. General Survey of the Siberian Colonial Adminis­ tration .....................................................................................200 Bibliographical Essay.....................................................................207 Bibliography Bibliographical and Historiographical Literature . . . 215 S ources..................................................................................217 Contemporary Accounts.........................................................220 Secondary W orks...................................................................220 Articles and E ssays..............................................................225 Index of Terms, with Page References.....................................233 ILLUSTRATIONS Winter Travel in the Seventeenth Century . . facing 49 The Gate Tower of the Former Ostrog of Ilimsk . facing 89 ABBREVIATIONS A. A.E. Akty arkheografioheskoi ekspeditsii AJ. Akty istoricheskie Chteniia Chteniia v imperatorskom obshohestve istorii i drevnostei rossiiskikh pri moskovskom universitete DJL.1. Dopolneniia k aktam istoricheskim D.R.V. Drevniaia rossiiskaia vivliofika Ezh. soch. Ezhemesiachnyia sochinenia P.5.Ä.L. Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisci P.S.Z. Polnoe sobranie zakonov rossiiskoi imperii B. I.B. Bus8kaia istoricheskaia biblioteka S.G.G.D. Sobranie gosudarstvennykh gramot i dogovorov Frcmennik Fremcnnik imperatorskago moskovskago obshchestva istorii drevnostei rossiiskikh Zh.M.N.P. Z humai minist erst va narodnago prosveshcheniia

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