Shrimp Fisheries and Aquaculture

250 Pages·2012·11.51 MB·English

MS The RESCOPAR project
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Bambang Indratno Gunawan was oe
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Province on September 14th, 1970. r
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He obtained a Bachelor Degree in f
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Fisheries from Lambung Mangkurat e
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University, Banjarmasin, Indonesia a
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in 1993. Upon graduation , he ,
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was employed by Mulawarman d
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University. In 1999, he earned
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a Master Degree from Bogor
s Bambang Indratno Gunawan
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Agricultural University (IPB) in a
Eleven PhDs, 4 Indonesians stationed
the field of Regional and Rural
B in the Berau Delta of East Kalimantan,
Development Planning. In March
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2007, he started a sandwich-PhD m
one in the Philippines, have studied
program at the Rural Development
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various aspects of the shrimp sector:
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the interaction between mangroves,
University, the Netherlands. n
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Currently he is working as a lecturer
in the genome of the WSSV virus
at the Faculty of Fisheries and In
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[email protected]
Shrimp fisheries and aquaculture
Making a living in the coastal frontier of
Berau, Indonesia

Bambang Indratno Gunawan
Thesis committee

Thesis supervisor
Prof. dr. L. E. Visser
Professor of Rural Development Sociology
Wageningen University

Thesis co-supervisor
Prof. dr. A.S. Sidik
Professor of Aquaculture
Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia

Other members
Prof. dr. A. Niehof, Wageningen University
Dr. D.S. Adhuri, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia
Dr. J. M. Bavinck, University of Amsterdam
Dr. R.H. Bosma, Wageningen University

This research was conducted under the auspices of the Wageningen School of Social Sciences
(WASS).
Shrimp fisheries and aquaculture
Making a living in the coastal frontier of
Berau, Indonesia

Bambang Indratno Gunawan

Thesis
submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor
at Wageningen University
by the authority of the Rector Magnificus
Prof. dr. M.J. Kropff,
in the presence of the
Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board
to be defended in public
on Tuesday 2nd October 2012
at 4 p.m. in the Aula.
Bambang Indratno Gunawan
Shrimp fisheries and aquaculture: Making a living in the coastal frontier of Berau,
Indonesia

Thesis Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2012)
With references, with summaries in English and Indonesian

ISBN: 978-94-6173-286-6
For Yanty, Syifa and Thoriq

Acknowledgments

During this month of Ramadan which is a right moment of reflection and
appreciation of what is given to us to achieve in life, I feel particularly grateful that
this unique period of pursuing an international PhD project has come to a
successful end. Therefore, I would like to thank several persons and institutions for
their support and contribution to the completion of this PhD thesis.

I would first like to express my sincere gratitude to my promotor and supervisor
Prof. Dr. Leontine E. Visser for giving me her excellent guidance, scientific advice
and continuous encouragement in pursuing my PhD studies. Ibu Leontine has
professionally and patiently taught me social theory and research methodology
although she was aware that my background was in economics. I learned very
much from our fruitful and critical discussions that deepened my understanding
about sociology and taught me how to theoretically reflect on social reality. I will
always remember that you once said that a good student is not the one who is
always saying ‘yes’, but one who can stand on his/her teacher’s shoulders and
then say: ‘I know better than you’. I will apply this generous attitude to knowledge
sharing to my students when I am back teaching at Mulawarman University.

I am much indebted to my Indonesian supervisor and former Dean of the Faculty
of Fisheries and Marine Science at Mulawarman University, Prof. Dr. A. Syafei
Sidik who provided me the trust, guidance and encouragement to accomplish an
international PhD. I believe that you agree this achievement will strengthen the
academic capacity not only of my self but also of our institution.

I extend my sincere thanks to Hilary Phillips for the English editing and Margaret
van Wissen for the formatting of the manuscript.

This PhD research was carried out as a part of INREF-RESCOPAR (Rebuilding
resilience of coastal populations and aquatic resources: habitats, biodiversity and
sustainable use options) project of Wageningen University and was financially
supported on an equal basis by both RESCOPAR and the Chair group of Rural
Development Sociology. I am very grateful to the RESCOPAR management team
who enabled me to participate at the project’s scientific meetings in Wageningen
(2007), Samarinda (2009) and Can Tho (2010), at the stakeholder workshops in
Berau in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2012, and at international seminars in Can Tho and
Bangkok (2010). I especially thank Paul van Zwieten for his scientific guidance in
preparing the fisheries questionnaire and commenting on the survey data. My
i
thanks also go to Dr. Roel Bosma who facilitated the project’s support during the
entire PhD period.

I wish to thank the staff and PhD colleagues of Rural Development Sociology for
their stimulating academic interactions and discussions. Since my arrival in
Wageningen in March 2007 I received invaluable administrative assistance from
Jos Michel until her retirement in 2011. I wish to thank Diana Dupain and Annelies
Coppelmans who gave me all the help and support, particularly during the last
year of my PhD. I am particularly grateful to my corridor mates Laura, Pablo,
Vladimir, Nasim, Annet, Shaheen, and Arjumand for our friendship. My
RESCOPAR friends made my life in Wageningen brighter. Thus, I wish to thank
Desrina, Rini and Audrie from Indonesia, Thu Ha, Phung Ha, Dieu, Tuyen, Nghia,
Hoa from Vietnam and Gigi from the Philippines.

In Berau my sincere gratitude goes to my key informants and respondents who
shared and exchanged their ideas and knowledge with me. I cannot forget for your
hospitality and kindness in allowing me to do a field research. In this stage I am
very much indebted to Pak Salman and Pak Amin who always assisted me during
the field research and provided accommodation in the village. Many thanks are
extended to Budi, Jein, Pak Sujadi at the Fisheries and Marine Affairs Office of
Berau for giving me valuable information and allowing me to access official data.

I would like to express my thanks to Indonesian friends (PPI-Wageningen) who
filled my life and made me feel just like home when I was away. I enjoyed very
much every moment we shared both in social events and in sports, especially
badminton and football, at the sports centre De Bongerd. I will miss the lunches
and dinners we shared at Bornsesteeg when I was living there. My special thanks
go to Dani, Dodi, Elfa, Pak Ishak, Mas Awang and Pak Syafwan. To all my
Indonesian friends in Wageningen I am deeply indebted our warm friendship.

Last but certainly not least, I wish to thank my lovely wife Nurul Hudayanty and
our beloved children Syifa Indrayana and Thoriq Yudhistira. They sacrificed much
and they patiently shared the hardships of my PhD life. Thank you very much for
your prayers, encouragement and understanding.

I dedicate this book to you Yanty, Syifa and Thoriq; you truly deserve it.

Bambang Indratno Gunawan
Wageningen, August 2012

ii
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... i
Table of Contents ....... ............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ........... iii
List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................... vi
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ viii
Chapter 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Motivation of the study .................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Research problem .............................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Aim and objective of this study ....................................................................................... 5
1.4 Research objective and research questions .................................................................... 8
1.5 The structure of the book ................................................................................................. 9
Chapter 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 11
Theoretical mapping and methodology ...................................................................................... 11
2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 11
2.2 Livelihood......................................................................................................................... 11
2.3 Actor-oriented approach ................................................................................................ 17
2.4 Agency and knowledge interface.................................................................................. 19
2.5 Resilience and vulnerability........................................................................................... 21
2.6 Patronage, power and network ..................................................................................... 22
2.7 Decentralisation, fisheries co-management and the Berau Marine Protected
Area (MPA) ...................................................................................................................... 25
2.8 Conceptual framework ................................................................................................... 28
2.9 Research methodology ................................................................................................... 29
2.9.1 Study area .................................................................................................................... 29
2.9.2 Research design ....................................................................................................... 34
Chapter 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 39
Diversity in fishery based livelihoods ......................................................................................... 39
3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 39
3.2 Patronage networks ........................................................................................................ 44
3.3 Everyday fishing practices ............................................................................................. 49
3.3.1 Life histories ............................................................................................................... 51
3.4 Place making and continuous social space .................................................................. 56
iii