Short-lived Climate Pollutants

101 Pages·2017·13.25 MB·English

Integrated
Assessment of
Short-lived
Climate
Pollutants
in Latin America
and the Caribbean
Improving air quality while contributing
to climate change mitigation
Integrated Assessment of Short-Lived Climate Pollutants in Latin America and the Caribbean
Improving air quality while contributing to climate change mitigation Integrated
Assessment of
Copyright © 2018 United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP) and
Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC)
Job No: DEW/1969/NA
Short-lived
ISBN: 978-92-807-3549-9
Climate
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Foreword
This report is the fnal result of an extensive process 2050. The results indicate a maximum potential reduction
initiated by the Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce in warming of up to 0.9º C by 2050, if implementing SLCP
Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (CCAC) and United measures across the LAC region. This is an important
Nations Environment (UNEP) in order to develop a reduction on potential climate impacts in the region.
Regional Integrated Assessment on Short-Lived Climate A range of options to mitigate SLCPs are presented,
Pollutants (SLCPs) in the region of Latin America and which have already been implemented in some parts of
the Caribbean (LAC). Furthermore, it is the culmination LAC and the assessment evaluates the challenges as
of a wide-ranging effort carried out by a large number of well as their potential for larger penetration and fuller
scientists, many from LAC, who have contributed to the implementation across the region.
frst detailed diagnostic of SLCPs in the region with their The different emission profles and their future projec-
expertise and available data. tions allow the different countries to select the mitigation
This assessment provides, for 13 countries and measures that are most applicable to their particular mix
regions within LAC, a comparable baseline of current of emission sectors. This knowledge allows individual
emissions of fne particulate matter (PM2.5), black country choices to most efciently mitigate SLCPs.
carbon, methane, precursors of tropospheric ozone In view of the LAC countries commitments in the
and hydrofuorocarbons for 2010. The emissions are Paris Agreement and their Nationally Determined
presented in seven aggregated sectors, which facilitate Contributions the reductions in emissions of SLCP have
comparison between countries and highlights the a large social and economic beneft. Our hope is that the
different emission profles through the LAC region. The results of this integrated assessment will be considered
results indicate that agriculture, mobile and commercial by stakeholders and public ofcials in the region and
refrigeration, and transport are the sectors that produce will motivate them into action for the beneft of their
the largest emissions of methane, hydrofuorocarbon population and to protect ecosystems from the changes
and black carbon in the LAC region as a whole. in regional climate that have already been experienced.
Also included is the evidence of the impacts that global
warming and the presence of SLCPs have already had
on the regions’ climate, ecosystems, human health, and
agriculture. Temperatures have been increasing in LAC,
and at high altitude have contributed to the retreat of
glaciers, particularly in the tropical Andes. Some regions
have already seen signifcant increasing trends in precip-
itation while others are facing long and strong droughts.
Premature mortality from exposure to ambient PM2.5 has
been estimated around 47000 in 2010, with another 5000
due to exposure to tropospheric ozone. The estimates
of crop losses in 2010 due to exposure to tropospheric
ozone for four major crops – soybean, wheat, maize and
rice –are approximately 7.4 million tonnes.
This report provides a consistent future reference
scenario of the key emissions up to 2050 for the LAC
region as a whole but also per country and per sector,
which take into account the technological advances
and the mitigation plans already considered by different
countries. Additionally, greenhouse gas mitigation and Graciela B. Raga Paulo Artaxo
SLCP-mitigation scenarios have been developed up to Centro de Ciencias de la Institute of Physics, Univer-
2050. Modelling has identifed the impacts of SLCPs on Atmósfera, UNAM sity of São Paulo,
2 the regional climate, as well as health and agriculture by Mexico Brazil 3
UN environment / CCAC
UN environment / CCAC
Foreword
The impacts of climate change are being felt every day can avoid between 0.6 and 0.7 degrees Celsius of global
all around the world. Poor air quality is a chronic and warming by 2050. And, many parts of the Latin American
urgent issue which is now recognized as the single and Caribbean region would enjoy even larger tempera-
largest environmental health problem effecting the world ture benefts, such as up to 0.9˚C of avoided warming in
today. Climate change and air pollution are not inde- northern Mexico.
pendent problems, they are inexorably linked, and so too There are also positive examples of all measures
are their solutions. More than a decade of painstaking already in place across the region, as well as strong
science has built the case that fast action to address leadership, both in the region and globally for greater
the multiple sources of pollutants, such as black carbon, ambition to address short-lived climate pollutants. Of
methane, and hydrofuorocarbons, that are short-lived in the three countries that included black carbon in their
the atmosphere, can deliver extraordinary and tangible intended Nationally Determined Contributions, two,
benefts in terms of public health, food security, sustaina- Mexico and Chile, are from the region.
ble development and near-term climate protection. This comprehensive assessment of short-lived
The Climate and Clean Air Coalition is an action-ori- climate pollutants in the Latin American and Caribbean
ented Coalition of countries, international organizations, region meant to serve as a guide for policy makers
non-state partners and sub-national entities, working and implementers to identify which measures are
together to address these short-lived climate pollutants. most important for delivering the maximum near-term
This work is prioritized based on the availability of robust multiple-benefts in the region. It also an opportunity
and policy-relevant science, which shows the local and and invitation for countries to strengthen national action
regional impact of these short-lived climate pollutants. and regional cooperation that will lead to widespread
The Coalition’s Regional Assessment Initiative supports reductions of short-lived climate pollutants with large
science-based action by collecting, developing, and near-term benefts for the climate, health, agriculture,
disseminating regionally-relevant information and and sustainable development.
knowledge on short-lived climate pollutants and appro-
priate measures that can bring rapid multiple benefts for
climate, air quality, health and sustainable development
in the near-term. The document in your hands is the frst
such assessment.
This assessment, developed by 90 authors and lead by
experts from the region, identifed six technical and policy
measures targeting methane, nine addressing major
sources of black carbon, and six for hydrofuorocarbons
which can reduce regional emissions of these pollutants
by 45%, 69%, and more than 80% respectively by 2030.
The resulting reductions of particulate matter air
pollution will provide signifcant immediate benefts for
public health, especially amongst women and children,
and reduced tropospheric ozone will improve staple
crop production by as much as 4.5 million tonnes per Helena Molin Valdes
4 year. Global implementation of all identifed measures Head, Climate and Clean Air Coalition Secretariat 5
UN environment / CCAC
UN environment / CCAC
Contents page
nI trotcu d ion 8
1
ohS rtil- ve d il c mta e
op tul l na ts 18
2
mI tca p s o f ohs rtil- ve d
il c mta e op tul l na ts 54
3
eM ru s a e s on ohs rt-
il ve d il c mta e op tul l na ts 96
4
eM ru s a e s on ohs rt-
il ve d il c mta e op tul l na ts 152
5
rF om es a ms ent
to tca ion 178
6
UN environment / CCAC
Integrated Assessment
of Short-lived Climate Pollutants
in Latin America and the Caribbean
Introduction
Coordinating Lead Authors
Laura Gallardo Klenner (Centre for
Climate and Resilience Research-
CR2, Chile); Olga L. Mayol-Bracero
(University of Puerto Rico-UPR)
and Luis Carlos Belalcazar Ceron
(Universidad Nacional de Colombia). Contents page
Contributing Authors Background 10
Scope of the assessment 11
Romina Picolotti (Centre for
Methods and approach 11
Human Rights and Environment-
CEDHA, Argentina) and The global policy context for this assessment 13
Piedad Martín (UNEP). Chapter contents 14
The UNEP-WMO global assessment made a signifcant ilc mta e nahc eg i s rla e yda efa tc in g teh reig on s ’ eoc nom y ttah teh rp ioritie s na d nee sd o f teh reig on ra e rp o-p
rgkcaB onu d
oc ntritub ion y b of is u c n g on merus a e s rta eh r tnah on maS( na ieog , .)4102 nlu V eriba il t y to ilc mta e nahc eg i s er yl nu ed rts oo d in internta ion la initita ive ;s na d
ts b u s na ec . s tI rp ovied d elc ra evied nec ttah ts a f tc a ion signifcant (Magrin et al. , ;4102 raM enog et al. , ,)4102 • A isab s of r ed veol ip n g ilbup c inof rmta ion to en -
ohS rtil- ve d ilc mta e op tul na t s CLS( )sP ra e ega nt s ttah on CLS s P mithg eh p l il mit nera t- erm olg l a b temep rta ru e na d it s eef tc s – inrc eesa d etx reme ew ta eh r event ,s nah ec ilbup c nu ed rts na id n g o f teh ieus na d en -
reis ed in teh ta moehps re of r a retal ive yl ohs rt ep rio d o f ries , tl a oh h g u il c mta e nah c eg iw l l on yl eb y l l u f oc ntroel d if droughts, urban foods, sea-level rise and biodiversity egag ment in enapx ed d mena in lufg tca ion.
time – rf om a ef w sy ad to tow or os ed edac s – na d vah e emiis on s o f teh rp inic l a p ol nil- g ve d rg eenoh esu s a g C( O 2 ) ol s – iw l la imtcap teh reig on s ’ ed veol mp ent , iw t h
a warming infuence on climate. The main SLCPs are are substantially and signifcantly curbed. The assessment vnlu erelba op talup ion s il ek yl to eb id rps oop rtion yla
rap tielc s ttah oc ntia n kcalb rac ob n CB( ) na d troop ehps r- osl a ta trtca e d a ol t o f interets eb esu a c it ed monts rta e d ttah efa tc e d yb a nahc ig n g ilc mta e. eM toh sd
i c ooz ne O( 3 ,) ihw hc vah e il ef time s o f a ef w sy ad to a ef w mna y il ve s oc d l u eb vas e ,d muh na eh tl a h imrp ove ,d rc o p
ew e ,sk na d metnah e C( H 4 ,) ihw hc sah a il ef time o f oba tu iy e sd l ob ots e d na d il c mta e nah c eg ed ey a l d y b teh imelp - na d rpa ohca
21 ey ra .s ehT es ra e teh mots imop rtna t oc ntritub or s to mentta ion o f a il mite d nmu eb r o f id rc s ete na d va ia elb a l ocS ep o f teh
teh olg lab rg eenoh esu eef tc tfa er rac ob n id oix ed C( O 2 ,) merus a e s is u n g eix ts in g tenhc ool . y g eG nerila ta z ion s T his a s sesment is a s cientific a l l y independent an d
ra e reops nis elb of r a tsbus na ti la rf tca ion o f teh ilc mta e na d rg g a etag ion s ttah ew re od ne ta teh olg l a b ela c s no, w esa ms ent free-standing exercise, owned by and reflective of
forcing experienced to date, and will have a signifcant oh ew ver , nee d to eb od nw ela c s d to teh reig on la el ve l to the interests of L atin America and the Caribean,
eef tc on teh rta e o f raw min g in teh netx ef w ed edac .s rp ovied a more ed tia el d nu ed rts na id n g o f teh ieus s na d teh with leadership provided by s cientists and expert
Specifc objectives
Additionally, hydrofuorocarbons (HFCs) are a identifcation of opportunities and priorities. institutions representative of the entire region. It
oc el tc ion o f ver y op tent ilc mta eraw- min g rg eenoh esu T his is p articu l arl y neces ary for Latin Americ a b uil d s u pon and complements UNEP- W M s O ’ g loba l
esag s iw t h a oc mib ne d va erega ta moehps ri c il ef time of and the Caribean. O wing to the coarse sc a le of the ihT s esa ms ent sah eb en ed veol ep d to enelba teh a s sesment, Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon
rpa oix mta e yl 51 ey ra s ofxO ( r d raM tin ohcS o ,l . )2 1 0 2 UNEP - W M O a s sesment and the limited avail a bility potential benefts of adopting an SLCP approach in Latin and Tropospheric Ozone (UNEP- W , M O 2 0 1 1 ) , to al low
iaM n yl esu d in rerf ieg rta ion na d intalu s in g of ma , CFH s of d ata on, for example, emisions and observations, America and the Caribbean to be better quantifed and comparison and a g gregation of important element s
ew re on yl oc mmeric ila ez d in teh era yl ,s 0 9 9 1 na d ihw el muc h of the region wa s either unrepresented (Caribe- esa es .d rhT o hgu it , it iw l eb op is elb to ied nti yf ihw hc of the work. W hile it is regional l y owned and led, the
teh y rerp ees nt el s tnah 1 ep r ec nt o f teh ruc rent tot la an) or underrepresented. emiis on retcud ion merusa e s ra e mots imop rtna t of r as sesment draw s u pon the best avail a b le internation-
o f rg eenoh esu esag ,s olg la b rp otcud ion , oc nmus tp ion UN s ’P E reop rt HFCs: A Critical Link in Protecting delivering near-term benefts; a better quantifcation al resources and expertise.
na d emiis on s o f teh es muh na m- eda esag s ra e rg oiw ng Climate and the Ozone Layer U( N , )1P 1E 0 2 invets itag e d teh na d nu ed rts na id n g o f reel vna t emiis on s in teh reig on ; ihT s esa ms ent il n sk iw t h teh vra iet y o f eix ts in g
ta a rta e o f 51 – 0 1 ep r ec nt ep r ey ra , a ecap ta ihw hc op tenti la of r CFH emiis on retcu d ion s na d va oinad ec to teh retcud ion s in reig on la MP 5.2 na d O 3 ttah oc dlu eb initita ive s na d rp oec es s rca o s teh reig on ttah retal e
CFH s oc dl u oca nu t of r nera yl 02 ep r ec nt o f ilc mta e reecud nera t- erm raw min .g ih T s reop rt ed rcs ieb s teh il n sk ihca eve d yb imelp mentin g ec rtia n merusa e ,s iw t h to ia r op tul ion , ilc mta e nahc eg , ilbup c eh tla h na d oteh r
op tul ion yb 05 0 2 oM( il n ,a ;9 0 0 2 UN , P.E ) 1 1 0 2 nI tal e , 61 0 2 eb tew en CFH emiis on ,s il c mta e rp otetc ion na d rp otetc ion associated health and crop-yield benefts; and measures reel vna t es tc or .s ehT esa ms ent oc nec tp , of r emax elp ,
oh ew ver , 79 1 oc nu trie s rga ee d teh iK ila g Amenmd ent o f teh O 3 eya l r . tI eg u s ts s ttah CFH s oc dl u eb reops nis elb teka n in taL in Ameri ac na d teh Cra ieb na ttah nac es rve saw ed veol ep d in olc es rah mon y iw t h taL in Ameri ac na d
to teh oM ntre la rP otooc l on tsbu S na ec s ttah eD elp te of r emiis on s eiuq vela nt to 8. 8 – 5 . 3 miil on tonne s o f CO 2 sa na emax elp to oteh r reig on .s teh Cra ieb na s ’ Regional Plan of Action on Atmospheric
teh ozO ne eyaL r , ihw hc iw l es e na 58 ep r ec nt retcud ion eiuq vela nt C( O 2 e )q y b , 0 5 0 2 na ma onu t oc mrap elb a to ruc - Benefts to human health and vegetation are felt Pollution , rpa ove d ta teh IX X eM etin g o f teh oF rmu
in teh rp otcud ion na d oc nmus tp ion o f CFH s y b 63 0 2 in rent tot la emiis on s rf om trna ops rt , ets imta e d ta ra onu d iaf r yl immeid ta e yl tfa er emiis on s ra e reecud ,d ihw hc o f iM nits er s o f nE vironment o f teh reig on , eh dl in oL s
ed veol ep d oc nu trie s na d na 08 ep r ec nt retcud ion yb 54 0 2 7 – 6 miill on tonne s CO 2 e q na n . y l l a uehT reop rt eggu s ts s reops n sd to ruc rent ed mna sd on op il yc to imrp ove Coba ,s eM ix oc in raM hc .4102
in teh moja rit y o f ed veol ip n g one.s es ver la otp ion s of r reicu d n g teh imtcap s o f emiis on s of ep oelp s ’ eh tla h na d teh environment . ehT esa ms ent The current asesment uses the same method s
An CLS P ts rta e yg sah teh op tenti la to reecud raw min g CFH s inidu l c n ,g of r emax elp , trh o hg u imrp ove d iub id l n g osla ola sw ruf teh r ets imta ion o f teh nera t- erm ilc mta e and ap proaches as those deployed by the globa l
in teh nera term , reecud id rs tpu ion o f ria n laf na d ew ta h - ed is ng , reicu d n g teh nee d of r ia r oc nid tionin ,g na d teh benefts that would accrue from implementing identi- as sesment (UNE,P -W M O 2 0 1 1 ) , in particul ar an d
er patterns, and reduce the impacts of fne particulate tsb u s ittu ion o f nonCFH- tsb u s na ec . s fed measures. This near-term framing – focusing on most fundament, al l y the same integrated as sesment
mta ter MP( 5.2 ) na d O 3 op tul ion on muh na eh tla h , (OHW For the frst time, authors from Latin America and the il ek yl ilc mta e nahc eg s over teh netx ef w ed edac s – i s analy sis techniques. Data on measurements, emision s
,)6102 rc o p iy e sdl ia T( et al. , )4102 na d eoc tsys em .s Cra ieb na , nu ed r teh el eda rihs p o f renonw e d eepx rt s imop rtna t of r taL in Ameri ac na d teh Cra ieb na eb esuac and impacts throughout the region were obtained when
Global assessments have indicated signifcant benefts na d ints ittu ion s rf om teh reig on na d in oc obal rta ion ilc mta e imtcap s ra e rla e yda rapa ent na d ra e rp oej tc e d availa b le, and a comprehensive data set of emision s
rf om ed veol ip n g hcus a ts rta e . yg ihT s reig on la esa s - iw t h eepx rt s rf om oteh r reig on ,s vah e esa es d ruc rent to inrc eesa in intenis t . y oS a eb tter nu ed rts na id n g o f teh wa s developed by su p p lementing national information
ment of r taL in Ameri ac na d teh Cra ieb na sah emax ine d nk oelw egd na d nu ed rteka n ne w rees ra hc to ed il ver na op tenti la imrp ovement s ttah oc dlu eb ihca eve d trh o hgu with model estimates.
teh op tenti la in more ed tia .l assessment specifc to the region that identifes some an SLCP policy could help infuence policy focus for the
owT reop rt s on CLS sP ta a olg lab elacs U( N , PE ;102 imop rtna t ieus .s beneft of the people of the region. ehT esa ms ent osla esu :s
UN , OMW-PE )102 ew re ilbup ehs d in .102 ehT Integrat- The Latin America and Caribean region i s This assessment has been specifcally designed
ed Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone heterogeneous in terms of its p h y sic a l and h uman ge- to rp ovied : 1. ehT DPSIR rf ma eow r k – Driver ,s of r emax elp rg o s
U( N , OMW-PE ,)102 ihw hc rd swa on ow r k yb teh Cil mta e ograp. h y It covers an area of a bout 2 0 0 milion sq u are od mets i c rp otcud )PDG( na d op talup ion ; Pres -
and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC), frst developed the SLCP kilometres ( km 2 ) , with , b y mid- 2 0 1 5 , a popu l ation of • A veih elc of r a reig on la of su c of r ih el-h g ve l oc oep rta ion rus e , emiis on ;s Stta e , oc nec ntrta ion ;s Imtcap ,
rpa o hca na d inedulc d oc nrc ete merusa e s ta teh olg lab 6 3 0 milion people, 7 9 per cent of w hom live in urban eb tew en op il yc meka r ,s ics entits ,s rp tca itioner s na d on eh tla ,h rga itluc ru e , et ;.c Reops nes , op il , yc me-a
el ve l iw t h teh op tenti la to mititag e ilc mta e raw min .g ehT areas ( P R B , 2 0 1 5 ) . oteh r ek y ts eka oh edl r s on elac s pu - d CLS P mititag ion; rus e ,s esac ts idu e s – etx enis ve yl esu d yb teh UN PE
assessment reviewed the scientifc literature available Atl oh hgu over teh tsal ef w ed edac s eoc nomi c rg otw h • Regionally specifc and relevant information and guid- Global Environment Outlook )OEG( reop rt ;s na d
pu to 102 on teh emiis on ,s ta moehps ri c rp oec es s sah eb en oca mnap ie d yb inrc eesa d il ef eepx tc na , yc na ec , sa ew l sa rp oop slas of r rda eis n g nu ec rtia n - 2. oW r k yb teh nI ternta ion la nI ts ittu e of r Ailp e d syS -
na d imtcap s o f CB , troop ehps ri c O 3 na d CH 4 to rp ovied etacud ion la ta tia nment na d inoc me sa merusa e d yb teh tie ,s nk oelw egd spag na d icapac t y ed veol mp ent , sa a tem s Anisyla s I(AAS ) of r emiis on ecs nra io ,s teh U S
fndings relevant to policy making. It also integrated a muH na eD veol mp ent nI ed x U( N , PD ,)6102 teh reig on basis for more scientifcally robust and effective ac- Nta ion la Aerontua i sc na d ecapS Amd inits rta ion oG d -
rna eg o f olg elacs-lab moed sl to evtaula e teh mtlu ielp i s ts i l ejbus tc to es vere ineilauq t y sa erpx ees d yb teh tion on CLS sP in taL in Ameri ac na d teh Cra ieb na ; rad d nI ts ittu e of r ecapS tS idu e s N( AAS )SIG- na d teh
benefts of implementing a carefully identifed set of iG ni nI ed x o(W r dl naB ,k ,)4102 ihw hc merusa e s inoc me • A regionally owned scientifc and policy assess- ruE oep na Commiis on oJ int eR es ra hc Centre CRJ( )
01 merusa e s to reecud emiis on s o f teh es CLS .sP id ts ritub ion , na d emip ri lac evied nec inid tac e s ttah ment to opus rt nta ion la tca ion , na d eh pl enrus e of r teh moed il n g o f ilc mta e na d oteh r imtcap .s 1
UN environment / CCAC
UN environment / CCAC
quences and impacts that act as amplifers of risks for
The global policy
natural and human systems, which are generally greater
For the frst time, a LAC- for the less advantaged people in society. Effective
context for this action must, therefore, be taken now across the world
and in Latin America and the Caribbean if the costs and
assessment conficts that will emerge in a changing climate are to be
specifc assessment avoided (Samaniego, 2014).
In 2015, the 193-member United Nations General The countries of Latin America and the Caribbean
Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable have been active in promoting a global agreement
Development. This commits the global community to reduce CO2 emissions under the United Nations
has been undertaken to “achieving sustainable development in its three Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC).
dimensions – economic, social and environmental – in The majority of the region’s countries have committed
a balanced and integrated manner” (UN, 2015), and to signifcant emission reductions to be accomplished
comes along with a set of 17 bold new Sustainable by 2020 by means of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation
to review current Development Goals (SDGs), which are universal, Actions (NAMAs) and Intended Nationally Determined
integrated and reflect a transformative vision for a Contributions (INDCs). In fact, Chile and Mexico have
better world. also included separate sections on SLCPs in their INDCs
The 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable and specifcally mention particles that contain BC.
knowledge and propose Development (Rio+20) was one of the fundamental Other countries have included specifc action to reduce
bases for the establishment of the 2030 Agenda for emissions from the transport sector (diesel), waste
Sustainable Development. Its political outcome docu- management, etc., all of which are relevant to SLCP
ment (UN, 2012) highlighted the importance of building mitigation, in their INDCs. Many of these actions are
mitigation strategies on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), but with backed by an increase in the use of renewable energy
a stronger focus on clear and practical measures for sources, including wind and solar as well as hydropower,
introducing sustainable development. in domestic energy matrices (Varas et al., 2013; Vergara
Although the MDGs constituted an important alliance et al., 2013; Valencia et al., 2017).
tailored to the region. for the eradication of poverty, hunger and unfulflled In this regional framework, in addition to reducing
basic needs such as education and universal access CO2 emissions, limiting SLCPs is a key step for
to health, water and shelter, environmental issues were mitigating near-term climate change and improving
not considered in a broad way, limiting the possibility human health and food security. The information that
of improving understanding of the underlying causes of can be provided by a regional assessment, as well
damage and degradation or developing integrated and as providing a more effective basis for appropriate
sustainable solutions. regional and national decision making, is needed to
The SDGs, however, through their 169 specifc targets, help ensure that the circumstances and priorities of
consider a greater number of issues in an integrated the region can be taken more effectively into account
manner. The environmental elements and their connec- in wider international strategies and initiatives.
tions with poverty eradication and other development Equally, as policies are developed, Latin America
priorities offer a signifcant opportunity to strengthen and the Caribbean will benefit from the continuous
global efforts to achieve environmental sustainability building of a shared and agreed information base on
and improve human well-being. In particular, and fol- which common regional policies can be developed and
lowing this approach, air pollution is linked to priorities common positions agreed. In addition, building on the
related to public health, sustainable cities, production existing UNEP assessments, an integrated regional
patterns and the mitigation of climate change. Further assessment will allow for a detailed discussion of
analysis of this is presented in Chapter 6, nevertheless opportunities and barriers to policy implementation in
it is important to highlight the link between mitigation support of successful policy and planning at regional
strategies for SLCPs, other air pollutants and develop- and sub-regional scales.
ment at this point. The 2016 Paris Agreement set the framework for
The Latin America and Caribbean region has in fact the implementation of INDCs, and aims to limit the
made signifcant progress, halving the fraction of its global temperature increase to 2ºC above pre-indus-
population living in extreme poverty between 1990 and trial levels, with a desirable target of 1.5ºC. Recent
2010. It remains, however, the most inequitable region in studies show that even if all INDCs were fully imple-
the world, with rapidly increasing CO2 emissions (ECLAC, mented, the possible increase in temperature would
2005) in spite of its vulnerability to climate change be around 2.7–3.5ºC. Further emission reduction is
(Magrin et al., 2014). necessary, and the measures suggested in this report
The evidence of human interference with the climate for SLCPs could contribute to limiting the temperature
12 system is clear (Stocker et al., 2013). This has conse- increase to 2ºC or less. 13
UN environment / CCAC
UN environment / CCAC
Ctpah er
oc ntents
Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5
Measures on short-lived climate Implementation of identifed From assessment to action
pollutants, the potential reduction measures across Latin
in emissions, and benefts for America and the Caribbean:
near-term climate and air quality progress and opportunities
This chapter develops an assessment
Chapter 1 Chapter 2 of the technical potential for emission
reductions related to implementing
Short-lived climate pollutants: Impacts of short-lived climate SLCP strategies in Latin America Chapter 5 provides an overview
drivers, regional emissions pollutants on climate, water and the Caribbean and links of progress and opportunities
and measurements and food security, human such reductions to human health in implementing identifed SLCP
health, biodiversity and improvements from reduced PM2.5 mitigation measures across the The concluding chapter draws on
ecosystem services and O3 exposure, to enhanced crop region, covering a range of sectors, the modelling and analysis, and on
yields and vegetation from reduced including transport; energy, including the assessment of current policies
tropospheric O3 levels, and to reduced coal mining, oil and gas production; and measures, to suggest a strategic
near-term warming. These benefts municipal solid waste and wastewa- framework for reducing the impact
are assessed using global and ter treatment; agriculture – livestock of SLCPs in the region and, in
The impacts of SLCPs are analysed regional applications of several global rearing and open burning; residential particular, strategic priorities that
This chapter highlights the factors in terms of climate change, as well and regional atmospheric models. heating and cooking; and small could be pursued in the next 5–10
that set Latin America and the as of increased tropospheric O3 and The emission reductions follow industrial sources. The chapter years. The priorities proposed are at
Caribbean apart from other regions PM2.5 concentrations. Their impacts from the implementation of a number addresses the feasibility of imple- sub-regional, regional and national
of the world with respect to SLCPs are considered, in turn, on water of key measures, with signifcant menting the identifed measures and scales. What distinguishes them is
and their impact, by: and food security, human health, regional reduction potential in policies in key sectors, and that may not just their potential contribution
and biodiversity and ecosystem emissions of CH4; in the products of be replicated or scaled up to achieve to medium-term climate mitigation
1. summarizing the socio-economic services. The impact on water yield incomplete combustion, including BC; air quality improvement and near- and health improvement, but more
drivers that modulate the pollutants and availability and its implications and in HFCs. Several scenarios were term climate protection. The chapter widely to sustainable development,
that are emitted within the region; for agricultural, mining, industrial developed based on implementation provides examples of initiatives and poverty alleviation and protection of
2. comparing the emission rates of and domestic users and ecosystem of the identifed SLCP measures. measures that have been success- the ecological wealth and diversity of
pollutants from each of the 13 productivity are highlighted. There It is important to highlight that the fully implemented and addresses the the region in the longer term.
countries/sub-regions within Lat- is a special focus on food security analysis focuses on measures that challenges of facilitating widespread This Latin America and Caribbean
in America and the Caribbean; across the entire region, where, reduce emissions of several pollutants adoption of available technologies SLCP assessment is not expected
3. comparing the emission rates along with climate change impacts, from different sources, rather than and practices, both nationally and to be a one-off exercise, but could,
of pollutants within Latin Amer- the additional effect of tropospheric concentrating on the reduction in emis- regionally. The effectiveness of as appropriate, represent the start
ica and the Caribbean to those O3 is explored. The latter is also sions of one particular pollutant. This implementation depends on several of a continuing regional process,
of other regions of the world; considered, along with PM2.5, to assessment goes beyond the global factors, including consideration of with work periodically updated and
4. documenting available data be the main SCLP-derived hazard assessment (UNEP-WMO, 2011) by, local circumstances, the existence extended. Furthermore, the network
sets of in situ and remote-sens- identifed in the section on human amongst other things, including a spe- of robust policies and programmes, of scientifc and policy institutions
ing measurements that validate health. All these impacts on biodiver- cifc analysis of the likely development the availability of advanced technol- and individuals brought together for
emissions inventories; and sity are considered in an integrated of HFC emissions in Latin America and ogies, adequate human resources, the assessment could be a continu-
5. providing examples of emissions evaluation of potential changes in the Caribbean, and identifes respective and appropriate fnancial support ing element of the science and policy
41 validation with the measurements. ecosystem services. mitigation opportunities. and incentives. landscape of the region. 51
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