Table Of Content

GIFT OF SHIVA JI AND HIS TIMES SHIVAJI JADUNATH SARKAR, m.a., Indian Educational Service (Bihar), SECOND EDITION Revised and enlarged. LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO. 39 Paternoster Row, London FOURTH AVENUE AND 30TH STREET. NEW YORK 1920 WORKS BY PROF. JADUNATH SARKAR. History of Aurangzib, based on original sources. Vol. I. Reign of Shah Jahan. ,, II. War of Succession. „ III. Northern India, 1658-1681. „ IV. Southern India, 1645-1689. Shivaji and His Times, an original life based on an exhaustive study of Persian, Marathi and Hindi sources, and English Dutch and Portuguese Records. 2nd edition, revised and enlarged. Studies in Mughal India, 22 historical essays. Economics of British India, 4th edition, brought up to 1917. Anecdotes of Aurangzib, '•.(Pfcrisfai text of Ahkam-i-Alamgiri with English . ... . to&ans.,*notes, and a life of Aurangzib.) Mughal•Administration, a study of its machinery, official duties, policy, procedure, achievements and failure. Chaitanya's Life and Teachings, translated from the saint's 16th century Bengali biography. PREFACE. First Edition, ( April, 1919.) A new and critical study of Shivaji's life and character has long been due, as the last scholarly work on the subject was composed, by Captain James Grant Duff, a century ago, and a vast mass of original material unknown to him has become accessible to the student since then. To put the case briefly, the present work differs from his eminently readable and still valuable History of the Mahrattas, (3 Vols., 1826), in the rigid preference of contemporary records to later compilations, and the exhaustive and minute—use of the available sources, both printed and MS. in Persian, English, Marathi and Hindi, as well as the Dutch Records in the India Office, London. The present work marks an advance on Grant Duff's History in three points in particular : First, among Persian materials his only autho- rities were Khafi Khan, who wrote 108 years after the birth of Shivaji and is admittedly unreliable where he does not borrow faithfully from earlier writers, and Bhimsen, an incorrect and brief transla- tion of whose Journal (by Jonathan Scott, 1794) alone was then available. I have, on the other hand, relied on the absolutely contemporary official histories 44&U3& 6 SHIVAJI. [preface. of Shah Jahan and Aurangzib, Muhammad and Ali Adil Shah, many historical letters in Persian, the entire letter-books of Jai Singh and Aurangzib, daily bulletins of Aurangzib's Court, and the full text of Bhimsen as well as another contemporary H—indu historian in Persian, viz., Ishwardas Nagar, all of which were unknown to Grant Duff. Secondly, he relied too much on the uncritical and often deliberately false Chitnis Bakhar, written 183 years after Shivaji's birth, while I have preferred the work of Shivaji's courtier, Sabhasad, and also incorporated whatever is valuable and above suspicion in the mass of Marathi materials published by a band of devoted Indian workers at Puna and Satara during the last 40 years. Grant Duff, more- over, worked on single manuscripts of the Marathi chronicles but we live in a happier age when these ; sources have been carefully edited with variations of reading and notes. Thirdly, the English and Dutch Factory Records have been more minutely searched by me and every useful information has been extracted from them. Two minor improvements which, I hope, will be appreciated by the reader, are the exact positions of all the places mentioned, traced with the help of the extremely accurate Government Survey maps, and the chronology, which is the most detailed possible in the existing state of our knowledge and corrects Grant Duff's numerous inaccuracies in this respect