Shipping and the Environment : Improving Environmental Performance in Marine Transportation

434 Pages·2016·0.92 MB·English

by  Karin Andersson

Karin Andersson · Selma Brynolf
J. Fredrik Lindgren
Magda Wilewska-Bien Editors
Shipping
and the
Environment
Improving Environmental Performance
in Marine Transportation
Shipping and the Environment
Karin Andersson Selma Brynolf
(cid:129)
J. Fredrik Lindgren Magda Wilewska-Bien
(cid:129)
Editors
Shipping and the
Environment
Improving Environmental Performance
in Marine Transportation
123
Editors
KarinAndersson J.FredrikLindgren
ShippingandMarine Technology ShippingandMarine Technology
Chalmers University of Technology Chalmers University of Technology
Gothenburg Gothenburg
Sweden Sweden
Selma Brynolf MagdaWilewska-Bien
ShippingandMarine Technology ShippingandMarine Technology
Chalmers University of Technology Chalmers University of Technology
Gothenburg Gothenburg
Sweden Sweden
ISBN978-3-662-49043-3 ISBN978-3-662-49045-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-49045-7
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015959585
©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2016
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Foreword
This book provides a timely and focused contribution to broader understanding of
environmentalimpactsandpollutionpreventionmeasuresofmaritimetransport.As
a researcher and colleague in the interdisciplinary effort to help identify, charac-
terise,andaddresscompellingchallengeswithregardtomaritimevesseloperations,
I thank the editors and commend the authors and contributors for their timely and
carefully developed text.
Readers may think I was invited to contribute this foreword because of two
decades work pioneering research in several areas that are now mature enough to
merit chapters in modern maritime texts such as these. Perhaps that explanation
works.However,thisforewordmayalsobeconsideredasthereflectionsofasailor,
a merchant marine engineering officer, whose original training included how to
operateveryfewdevicesdesignedprimarilyforpollutioncontrol.Oneofthemwas
anengine-roomperiscopethatcouldviewalightbulbthroughaboilerstackonlyif
thevisiblesmokewasminimised.“Thesmokeperiscopeisasimplearrangementof
mirrors and a light bulb which shines across the uptakes, giving the operator an
indication of the opacity of the combustion gasses. It is difficult to distinguish
between white and black smoke with the periscope” (source: Massachusetts Mer-
chant Marine Academy training manual, circa 1986–99). In fact, the ability to
minimisesmokewasalsoameanstoachievingmorecompletecombustion,thereby
improvingfuelconsumption.Inretrospect,myresearchasascienceandtechnology
policy analyst focused on twenty-first-century innovation in maritime and freight
systems is bound to those few years operating the world’s largest moving power
plants aboard merchant ships at the start of my career.
Similarly, this text connects shipping and maritime operations with current
scientific, policy, and technology knowledge about our natural environment. The
book may appeal to the next generation of maritime professionals, some who may
staff watch aboard a new fleet of ships designed for environmental stewardship as
well as economic service under challenging and changing sea conditions. The
chapters may inform you scientists working to understand changing ocean and
coastal environments where the impacts of shipping are part of the ambient con-
ditionstheyobserve.Thetextmayalsoserveasalaunchingpointforpolicymakers
and maritime business leaders looking to navigate global shipping towards cleaner
seas, skies, and shorelines. Mutual understanding is needed among those who
v
vi Foreword
design and operate integrated systems aboard ships and those who care about the
coupled natural–human systems in our world.
Students and professionals using this text may share at least one attribute: the
motivation to act upon good information to achieve better understanding and
improve performance. This text is designed to assist today’s mariners, environ-
mentalscientists,andregulatoryadministratorsinthisregard.Byconnectingabrief
historicoverviewofshippingandenvironmentwithsomefundamentalintroduction
to environmental impacts, the book introduces pollution prevention measures
focused on energy efficiency, discharge and emission controls, and tools for better
environmental management.
Onethingiscertainlydifferentsincemydaysoperatingshippowersystems:Itis
no longer sufficient to view environmental stewardship through a periscope.
Today’s professionals will see a changing ocean system, affected by increasing
human activity along coastlines and shipping lanes. Some of us will witness and
othersofuswillinventnewandbettershipsystemsthatsafelydelivercargoeswith
better attention to environmental stewardship. And these innovations will partly
depend upon policy signals that identify the needs for timely new achievements in
ship performance, port operations, and the world supply chains. This text con-
tributes to a better understanding of shipping and environment, and expands the
horizons for twenty-first-century shipping.
James J. Corbett Ph.D.,
Professor of Marine Science and Policy
Former Merchant Marine Officer, and Graduate of the California
Maritime Academy
Preface
How come we wrote a book? I guess this is what you ask yourself when a large
manuscript is ready for print. I have seen colleagues write textbooks a number of
times during my years as a university teacher. Each time I have concluded that
book-writing is a very large and time-consuming challenge and I have promised
myself that I will never do it. Still—now the book is obviously there, and in some
way it hashappened.One conclusion isthat you should not try to write a book on
your own—the combined work of a group is what drives the work forward,
increases quality, and provides challenging discussions. This book is really a
cooperativeprojectthathasgrownmoreorlessbyitself,althoughIdonotknowif
we all tell the same story of how it started.
The writing process was initiated by the need for a textbook to be used in
courses at the department of Shipping and Marine Technology. Furthermore, we
had a need to meet the demand of providing information and answering questions
fromshippingcompaniesandauthorities.Beforestartingthemainwork,wehadthe
opportunitytoperforma“verificationproject”wherewemadeasurvey ofneedin
target groups among students as well as in the shipping industry.
A book on shipping and the environment will involve a large number of dis-
ciplines and competences. The diversity in research focus and expertise of the
peopleworkingatthedepartmentofShippingandMarineTechnologyatChalmers
and at the department of Law at Gothenburg University was a good starting con-
dition. The authors come from many different scientific backgrounds; engineers of
different disciplines, marine scientists as well as scientists working with legal
research,andwehavealllearntalotfromeachotherduringtheproject.Theefforts
in writing texts as well as in reading and discussing other author’s text are greatly
acknowledged. Thanks to all my co-authors.
There are also a number of people who have been reading parts of the text and
been providing specific expertise and input. Thank you all.
Special thanks to my co-editors, Selma Brynolf, Fredrik Lindgren, and Magda
Wilewska-Bien, for their never-ending patience and ambition in making the
manuscriptconsistentandcorrectandalsoingentlyremindingtherestofusthatit
is time to deliver. You are the heroes of the book project.
Important prerequisites for the book have been the Lighthouse maritime com-
petence centre and the Chalmers Area of Advance Transport. The Lighthouse
vii
viii Preface
funding for senior scientists and doctorate students as well as the contribution to
fundingofseniorscientistsfromtheAreaofAdvancehasgivenusthepossibilityto
work on the manuscript. In the “verification project”, we got practical support and
funding by Innovationskontor Väst (Chalmers Innovation Office).
So, finally, when summer is over and the autumn storms are approaching the
Swedish west coast, the manuscript is ready for print. We all hope that it will turn
outtobeusefultothereadersandcontributetomakeshippingatleastalittlemore
sustainable.
Gothenburg Karin Andersson
September 2015
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank a number of professionals from both Chalmers
University of Technology and other places who generously gave their time and
provided comments on the draft chapters and draft sections of the book including
GabrielaArgüello(UniversityofGothenburg),GöranBark(ChalmersUniversityof
Technology),RickardBensow (Chalmers University ofTechnology), JosefinBorg
(ChalmersUniversityofTechnology),FrancescoDiNatale(UniversityofNaples),
Erik Fridell (IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute), Maria Grahn
(ChalmersUniversityofTechnology),PaulGilbert(TheUniversityofManchester),
Linus Hammar (Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management), Mathias
Janssen (Chalmers University of Technology), Roger Karlsson (SSPA), Niclas
Karlsson (Cleanship Scandinavia), Henrik Pahlm (Chalmers University of Tech-
nology), Erik Røsæg (University of Oslo), Aslak Suopanki (Wärtsilä), and Erik
Ytreberg (Chalmers University of Technology). The contribution of Andreas
Hanning (Chalmers University of Technology) to the initial discussion, reviewing
parts ofthe bookand performing theverification study on creating the educational
material, is acknowledged. The authors thank Ida-Maja Hassellöv (Chalmers
University of Technology), for contribution to the initial discussions, defining the
scope of the book and providing comments on parts of the book.
The authors thank Manuel Frias Vega (HELCOM) for adjusting the map of the
maritime traffic in the Baltic Sea.
TheauthorsacknowledgeCarolinePamp(ChalmersUniversityofTechnology),
Marje Berzins (Chalmers University of Technology) and Jonas Gilbert (Chalmers
University of Technology) who provided assistance with legal aspects. Further-
more,gratitudeforsharingadviceandexperiencesregardingtextbookwritinggoes
to Madeleine Miller and Katarina Streiffert (University of Gothenburg).
Sincere gratitude goes to various organisations and institutions for giving the
authors permission to print some graphical material in the book.
TheauthorsaregratefultoInnovationskontorVästforfinancingtheverification
project and Bo Norrman (Innovationskontor Väst) for valuable discussions on
utilisation of research.
The Lighthouse base funding for senior scientists as well as for doctorate stu-
dentstogetherwithbasesupportfromtheChalmersAreaofAdvanceTransporthas
given us the opportunity to work on the manuscript.
ix
Contents
Part I Introduction
1 Shipping and the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Karin Andersson, Francesco Baldi, Selma Brynolf,
J. Fredrik Lindgren, Lena Granhag and Erik Svensson
1.1 Man and the Sea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Ships and Shipping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.1 The Infrastructure: Fairways, Canals and Ports . . . . . . 7
1.2.2 Marine Spatial Planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.3 What Types of Cargo Are Transported by Ships,
and Where Is the Cargo Transported? . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Sustainability and Shipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.1 Sustainability and Sustainable Development. . . . . . . . 10
1.3.2 What Is an Environmental Concern? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.3 Ecosystem Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.3.4 Planetary Boundaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.3.5 Resilience Thinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4 Ships and Their Environmental Impacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.4.1 A Ship’s Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.4.2 The Hull and Ship Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.4.3 The Propulsion System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.4.4 Hotel Facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.4.5 Auxiliary Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.5 Sustainability Challenges for the Maritime Industry. . . . . . . . . 24
2 The Natural Environment and Human Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
J. Fredrik Lindgren, Kent Salo, Selma Brynolf, Karin Andersson,
Erik Svensson, Maria Zetterdahl, Lena Granhag
and Mathias Magnusson
2.1 The Hydrosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.1.1 Hydrological Cycle—The Water Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.1.2 Chemical and Physical Properties of Water. . . . . . . . . 32
2.1.3 Oceanography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
xi