Shifting Sands: The United States in the Middle East PDF
Preview Shifting Sands: The United States in the Middle East
j o e l s . m i g d a l shifting sands TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTThhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhheeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiittttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeedddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaattttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttthhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhheeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllleeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaasssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt shifting sands C6337.indb i 1/8/14 1:32 PM C6337.indb ii 1/8/14 1:32 PM shif t ing s a nds The United States in the Middle East Joel S. Migdal Columbia University Press New York C6337.indb iii 1/8/14 1:32 PM Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York Chichester, West Sussex cup.columbia.edu Copyright © 2014 Joel S. Migdal All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Migdal, Joel S. Shifting sands : the United States in the Middle East / Joel S. Migdal. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-231-16672-0 (cloth : alk. paper)—isbn 978-0-231-53634-9 (e-book) 1. United States—Foreign relations—Middle East. 2. Middle East—Foreign relations— United States. 3. United States—Foreign relations—1945–1989. 4. United States—Foreign relations—1989– 5. Middle East—Politics and government—1945– I. Title. ds63.2.u5m5327 2014 327.73056—dc23 2013020256 Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper. This book is printed on paper with recycled content. Printed in the United States of America c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Jacket Image: © Rosa Isabel Vazquez / Gallery Stock References to websites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor Columbia University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared. C6337.indb iv 1/8/14 1:32 PM For Marcy, in loving memory C6337.indb v 1/8/14 1:32 PM C6337.indb vi 1/8/14 1:32 PM Contents Preface ix Part I. Introduction 1. The Middle East in the Eye of the Global Storm 3 2. America’s Place in the Middle East 20 Part II. The Cold War and Its Aftermath 3. Failed Partnerships and Fragile Partners 41 4. Finding a Place in the Middle East: A New Partnership Develops out of Black September 59 5. The Strategic Partnership Faces Strains: The Yom Kippur War and the Changing Calculus of U.S. Foreign Policy 85 6. The Strategic Relationship Unravels: The End of the Cold War and the Gulf War of 1990–1991 104 C6337.indb vii 1/8/14 1:32 PM viii contents Part III. A Transformed Region: The Rise and Fall of the Arab Middle East 7. A Changing Lineup of Regional Powerhouses 129 8. New Boys on the Block: Nonstate Actors 153 9. A Changing Islam and the Rise of the Islamic Republic of Iran 176 Part IV. The United States and the New Middle East in the Twenty-First Century 10. The Bush Administration and the Arc of Instability 211 11. Obama: Engaging the Middle East on Multiple Fronts 248 Part V. Conclusion: Looking Back and Looking Forward 12. Ups and Downs of an Everyday Player, on the Cheap 301 13. Toward a New Strategic Partnership? 330 Afterword 365 Notes 371 Works Cited 375 Index 387 C6337.indb viii 1/8/14 1:32 PM Preface In Shifting Sands , I explore the ups and downs of the United States since World War II in what has become the most important and volatile region in the world, the Middle East. In explaining America’s rollercoaster ride, I employ a novel approach, showing how U.S. offi cials from the close of World War II through the end of the twentieth century built a rigid strategic model atop the shifting sands of the region; even as the Mideast region underwent several cataclysmic changes, they em- ployed a constant formula to guide their policies. That model was not unique to the Middle East. I argue that the United States had a universal model, derived from its postwar experience in Europe, that it applied in region after region around the world, with mixed success. In the pages that follow, I have avoided the standard approach of treat- ing the Middle East as a more-or-less self-enclosed entity and the United States as an external, often disruptive, force. 1 Such a view presents the “West” and specifi cally the United States in the last two-thirds of a cen- tury as throwing the region into disarray by disrupting its natural, or traditional, order. Underlying such a notion is a kind of nostalgia for a harmonious, socially equal precolonial past. This perspective robs Mid- dle Easterners of their agency, of their important role in bringing about the changes that have swept across their region, and it transforms them C6337.indb ix 1/8/14 1:32 PM
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