shıftıng allıances ın europe from the congress of vıenna (1815)

131 Pages·2015·2.6 MB·English

SHIFTING ALLIANCES IN EUROPE FROM THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1815)
TO THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN (1878)

MERVE CEMİLE KEYVANOĞLU

MARCH- 2015
SHIFTING ALLIANCES IN EUROPE FROM THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1815)
TO THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN (1878)

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO
THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
OF
MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

BY

MERVE CEMİLE KEYVANOĞLU

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR
THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY

MARCH- 2015
Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences

Prof. Dr. Meliha ALTUNIŞIK
Director

I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master
of Science.

Prof. Dr. Ömer TURAN
Head of History Department

This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate,
in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science.

Prof. Dr. Mustafa SOYKUT
Supervisor

Examining Committee Members

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Birten ÇELİK (METU, HIST)

Prof. Dr. Mustafa SOYKUT (METU, HIST)

Assist. Prof. Dr. Tülay ERCOŞKUN (A.U, HIST)
I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and
presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also
declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and
referenced all material and results that are not original to this work.

Merve Cemile KEYVANOĞLU
Signature :

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ABSTRACT

SHIFTING ALLIANCES IN EUROPE FROM THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA
TO THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN (1815- 1878)
Keyvanoğlu, Merve Cemile
M.A., Department of History
Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mustafa Soykut
March, 2015, 119 pages
The aim of this thesis is to examine the historical background of the alliances that
European Great Powers created for the first time in terms of mutual benefits after
wars had ended with the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and the interruption of these
alliances with the wars between the Ottoman Empire and Russia (The Crimean
War and Ottoman- Russian War, etc.) in the light of Ottoman archival documents.
A number of social, political, and economic reasons had some effects on the
foundation of these alliances which were called Congress system established after
the Congress of Vienna. European Great Powers put some economic and political
policies into practice in order to share the Ottoman lands equally since the middle
of the 19th century. These policies which the European Powers named as the
‘Eastern Question’ also determined the future of the Ottoman Empire. Although
these policies caused clashes among the European Great Powers as happened in
the Crimean War and 1877-1878 Ottoman-Russian War, they could overcome
these clashes in the Congress of Berlin in 1878. However, this was a temporary
situation and the agreement among them only lived until the World War I. For this
reason, the basic points in these alliances during the period that had started in the
Congress of Vienna in 1815 and lasted in the Congress of Berlin in 1878. The
effects of these in the future of Europe and accordingly of the Ottoman Empire are
important and this thesis is written to examine those points.
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Key Words: Europe, Alliances, Concert of Europe, Eastern Question, the
Ottoman Empire.

v
ÖZ

VİYANA KONGRESİ’DEN BERLİN KONGRESİ’NE KADAR AVRUPA’DA
DEĞİŞEN İTTİFAKLAR (1815- 1878)
Keyvanoğlu, Merve Cemile
Yüksek Lisans, Tarih Bölümü
Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Mustafa Soykut
Mart, 2015, 119 sayfa
Bu tezin amacı, Avrupalı büyük güçlerin 1815 Viyana Kongresi ile büyük
ölçüde savaşları geride bırakıp tarihlerinde ilk kez karşılıklı çıkarları çerçevesinde
kurdukları geniş ittifaklar ve bu ittifakların Osmanlı ve Rusya arasında yaşanan
savaşlara (Kırım Savaşı ve Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı vb.) bağlı olarak kesintiye
uğramasının tarihsel arka planını Osmanlı arşiv belgeleri ışığında incelemektir.
Avrupa tarihine Kongre Sistemi olarak geçen ve 1815 Viyana Kongresi sonrası
kurulan bu ittifakların temelinde, bir dizi sosyal, siyasal ve ekonomik neden etkili
olmuştu. Avrupalı büyük güçler, 19.yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren Osmanlı
topraklarını eşit şekilde paylaşmak amacıyla ekonomik ve siyasi bir dizi politikayı
da uygulamaya koydular. Bu politikalar onların “Doğu Sorunu” olarak gördükleri
Osmanlı Devleti’nin de kaderini tayin ettikleri politikalarıydı. Bu politikalar,
zaman zaman Avrupalı büyük güçleri Kırım Savaşı ve 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus
Savaşı’nda olduğu gibi karşı karşıya getirse de onlar bu sorunu 1878’de Berlin
Kongresi’nde büyük ölçüde çözebildiler. Fakat bu geçici bir durum olmuş ve
sağladıkları uzlaşma ancak I.Dünya Savaşı’na kadar yaşabilmişti. İşte bu nedenle
Avrupa ittifaklar sisteminde 1815 Viyana Kongresi ile başlayan ve 1878 Berlin
Kongresi’ne kadar uzanan süreçte ittifakların temel noktaları ve bunun Avrupa ve
dolayısıyla da Osmanlı devletinin geleceklerindeki etkisi önemlidir ve bu tez de
bu temel noktaları incelemek amacıyla hazırlanmıştır.
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Anahtar Kelimeler: Viyana Kongresi, Avrupa Uyumu, Doğu Sorunu, Berlin
Kongresi, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Prof. Dr.
Mustafa SOYKUT, for his excellent guidance, caring, patience, and providing me
with an excellent atmosphere for doing research.
I also want to thank to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Birten Çelik and Assist. Prof. Dr.
Tülay Ercoşkun without whose comments and contributions this thesis would not
be materialized.
Besides my advisor and my examining committee members, I would like
to thank to TÜBİTAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of
Turkey) for the scholarship it provided for both my undergraduate and graduate
education.
Many thanks to my professors and friends in Ankara University
Department of History who supported me all the time.
I am indebted to my family and friends for being with me in this period.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PLAGIARISM ............................................................................................................ iii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ iv
ÖZ ............................................................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER
1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 1
2. EUROPE, EUROPEAN STATE-SYSTEM IN TRANSITION PRIOR TO THE
19TH CENTURY ........................................................................................................ 5
2.1. From Monarchies to State-System, the Peace of Westphalia (1648) ................ 6
2.2. Forces of Change, Forces of Continuity and Road to French Revolution......... 8
2.3. French Revolution of 1789 and Napoleon Bonaparte ..................................... 10
3. EUROPE and the ERA of ALLIANCES (1815- 1853) ......................................... 16
3.1. The Congress of Vienna (1815) ...................................................................... 17
3.2. Alliances and Concert of Europe after The Congress of Vienna .................... 26
3.2.1. The Holy Alliance ......................................................................... 26
3.2.2. The Quadruple Alliance ................................................................ 28
3.2.3. Concert of Europe and Congresses ............................................... 30
3.3. The Liberal Revolutions in Europe in 1830 and 1848 .................................... 40
4. SHIFTING ALLIANCES IN EUROPEAN POLITICS (1856-1878) ................... 44
4.1. European powers, Major interests, Eastern Question and the Ottoman
Empire .................................................................................................................... 47
4.2. The Crimean War (1853-1856) ....................................................................... 52
4.3. Three Emperors League (Dreikaiserbund) (1872) .......................................... 60
4.4. Eastern Crisis in the Balkans: Ottoman- Russian Wars of 1875-78 ................ 62
4.5. The Congress of Berlin (1878) ........................................................................ 67
CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 71
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 75
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