Shear Waves in Marine Sediments

592 Pages·1991·45.72 MB·English

by  Robert D. Stoll (auth.)

Shear Waves
in Marine Sediments
edited by
Jens M. Havem
SACLANT Undersea Research Centre,
La Spezia, Italy
Michael D. Richardsan
Naval Oceanographic and Atmospheric Research Laboratory,
Stennis Space Center, NY, U.S.A.
and
Robert D. Stall
Lamont-Doherty GeologicaJ Observatory,
Columbia Universi1y, Palisades, NY, U.S.A.
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B. V.
Proceedings of the Conference on
Shear Waves in Marine Sediments
La Spezia, Italy
Ckrtober15-19,1990
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Oata
Shear waves in marine sediments I edlted by Jens M. Hovem, MIchael D.
Richardson, Robert D. Stoll.
p. cm.
Papers from a conference held in La Spezla, Ita1y, Oct. 15-19,
1990.
Inc 1u des index.
ISBN 978-94-010-5581-9 ISBN 978-94-011-3568-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-3568-9
1. Marine sediments--Congresses. 2. Shear waves--Congresses.
I. Hovem, Jens M., 1937- II. Rlchardson, M. D. (Michael D.)
III. Sto 11, Robert D., 1931-
GC377.S54 1992
551.46'083--dc20 91-22213
CIF
ISBN 978-94-010-5581-9
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1991
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1991
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo
copying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written
permission from the copyright owner,
Shear Waves in Marine Sediments
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE xi
SECTION 1
Physical properties and laboratory measurements 1
Shear waves in marine sediments-bridging the gap from theory to 3
field applications (Opening paper)
R.D. Stoll
Surface waves in poro-viscoelastic marine sediments 13
C. W. Holland
An investigation of causality for Biot models by using Kramers-Kronig 21
relations
A. Turgut
Soil properties for shear wave propagation (Invited) 29
R.D. Woods
The relevance of shear waves for structural subsurface investigations 41
R. Meissner, W. Rabbel, F. Theilen
Experimental investigation of seismic surface waves in the seafloor 51
K.H. Stokoe, R.C. Cauer and l.A. Bay
Laboratory studies on pulsed leaky Rayleigh wave components in a water 59
layer over a solid bottom
l.R. Chamuel
Assessment of shear strength of the sea bottom from shear wave velocity 67
measurements on box cores and in-situ
F. Theilen, LA. Pecher
Numerical modelling and laboratory experiments on underwater sound 75
propagation over a shear supporting bottom
A. Hundley, S.A.L. Clegg, l.I. Arvelo, H. UberaU
A review of laboratory shear wave techniques and attenuation measurements 83
with particular reference to the resonant column (Invited)
J.D. Bennell, D. Taylor Smith
Relationship between acoustic and mechanical properties of two 95
marine clays
K.C. Baldwin, P.A. de Alba, A.N. Jones
vi
A laboratory method to investigate shear waves in a soft soil consolidating 103
under self weight
I.R. McDermott
Laboratory measurements of acoustic properties of periplatform carbonate 111
sediments
D. Lavoie, A. Anderson
Comparison of measured compressional and shear wave velocity values 121
with predictions from Biot theory
K.B. Briggs
Wave velocities in sediments 131
A. Nur, D. Marion, H. Yin
Shear wave attenuation in unconsolidated laboratory sediments 141
B.A. Brunson
Shear wave velocities of glacio-marine sediments: Barents Sea 149
S.K. Breeding, D.A. Dunn, T.H. Orsi
Rock acoustics: relevance of the porous viscoelastic model 157
P. N. J. Rasolofosaon
Influence of stress state and stress history on acoustic wave propagation 167
in sedimentary rocks
R.M. Holt, E. Fjaer, A.M. Raaen and C. Ringstad
SECTION 2
Field experiments and interpretation 175
A summary of DREA observations of interface waves at the seabed 177
D.M.F. Chapman, P.R. Staal
Observations of the relative contributions of waterborne and sediment 185
paths to the received acoustic signal
H.B. Ali, L.D. Bibee
Shear-wave anisotropy in marine sediments around Britain from 195
surface sources
C. MacBeth
Refraction measurement of shear wave anisotropy in shallow marine 203
sediments and implications for reflection processing
P.A. Berge, S. Mallick, G.J. Fryer, N. Barstow, l.A. Carter,
G.H. Sutton, J.I. Ewing
vii
Spatial variability in ground motion: effects of material heterogeneity 213
in seafloor sediments
M. Snoek, D. Rauch
Implications of deep-water seismometer array measurements for 221
Scholte wave propagation
L.D. Bibee, L.M. Dorman
Shear wave velocity structure from interface waves at two deep water 231
sites in the Pacific ocean
A.E. Schreiner, L.M. Dorman, L.D. Bibee
The effects of shear velocity structure on seafloor noise 239
L.M. Dorman, A.E. Schreiner, L.D. Bibee
Concurrent observations of directional spectra of ocean surface waves 247
and microseisms from an ocean subbottom seismometer (OSS) array
T. Yamamoto, T. Nye and D. Goodman
Wave propagation in a borehole (Invited) 257
M.N. Toksoz, C.H. Cheng
Application of shear wave measurements in boreholes 267
R. Kanestr¢m
Experience with the seismic cone penetrometer in offshore site 275
investigations
G. de Lange
Comparison of techniques for shear wave velocity and 283
attenuation measurements
T. G. Muir, T. Akal, M.D. Richardson, R.D. Stoll, A. Caiti, J.M. Hovem
Shear wave velocity gradients in near-surface marine sediment 295
M.D. Richardson, E. Muzi, B. Miaschi, F. Turgutcan
ISSAMS: an in situ sediment acoustic measurement system 305
A. Barbagelata, M.D. Richardson, B. Miaschi, E. Muzi, P. Guerrini,
L. Troiano, T. Akal
Small-scale in situ measurements of S-H velocity in surficial sedimentary 313
deposits: localised textural and biological controls
S.E. Jones, C.F. Jago
In situ measurements of shear-wave velocity in ocean sediments 321
R.B. Whitmarsh, P.R. Miles
viii
Seafloor shear wave velocity data acquisition: procedures and pitfalls 329
A.M. Davis, D.G. Huws, J.D. Bennell
Mapping of the sea bed via in situ shear wave (SH) velocities 337
D. G. Huws, A.M. Davis, J.D. Bennell
Observations of split shear-waves from young ocean crust 345
N. Jones, M.G. Sinha, R.B. Whitmarsh
Estimation of shear-wave speed in ocean-bottom sediments by comparing 353
oblique-angle reflectivity measurements with normal incidence data
T.M. McGee
Sediment Q{ 3 from spectral ratios of converted shear reflections 361
P.D. Bromirski, L.N. Frazer, F.K. Duennebier
Constraints on shear velocities in deep-ocean sediments as determined 369
from deep-tow multichannel seismic data
J.F. Gettrust and M.M. Rowe
Changes in P and S velocities caused by subduction related sediment 379
accretion off Washington/Oregon
B. T.R. Lewis
Compressional and shear wave velocities in the upper crust 387
O. Diachok, S. Wales, R. Dicus, F. Feirtag, D. Shirley and J. Siegel
Sedimentary shear modulus and shear speed profiles from a gravity 395
wave inversion
M. V. Trevorrow, T. Yamamoto
Measurements of compressional wave and shear wave speeds, attenuation, 403
permeability, and porosity in marine sediments
A. Turgut, T. Yamamoto
Sea-bed shear moduli from measurements of tidally induced pore pressures 411
M. T. Hurley, P.l. Schultheiss
SECTION 3
Modelling and inversion techniques 419
Excess attenuation in low-frequency shallow-water acoustics: a shear 421
wave effect? (Invited)
F.B. Jensen
ix
Sensitivity of bottom loss to attenuation and shear conversion 431
A. Kristensen, J.M. Hovem
The effect of shear wave attenuation on acoustic bottom loss resonance 439
in marine sediments
S.J. Hughes, D.M.F. Chapman, N.R. Chapman
The influence of sediment rigidity on the plane-wave reflection coefficient 447
M.A. Ainslie
Shear wave conversion due to sub bottom facets 455
P. Gerstojt, H. Schmidt, O. Vilmann
A seismo-acoustic finite element model for underwater acoustic propagation 463
J.E. Murphy, S.A. Chin-Bing
Finite difference modelling of shear waves 471
R.A. Stephen
A stable higher-order elastic parabolic equation with application to 479
Scholte wave propagation
M.D. Collins, W.A. Kuperman
ELASTIC PE: a parabolic approximation for propagation modelling of 487
shear wave effects in sediment layers
G.H. Brooke
Computation of shear waves by integral equations methods in 495
stratified media
J. Meunier, C. Guennou
Normal modes identification in shallow water using spectral analysis: 503
theory and experiments
P. Cristini, J.L. Garnier, C. Gazanhes
Estimation of geoacoustic properties by inversion of acoustic field data 511
(Invited)
N.R. Chapman
A fast simulated annealing algorithm for the inversion of marine sediment 521
seismo-acoustic parameters
A. Kuperman, M.D. Collins, H. Schmidt
Determination of the sediment shear speed profiles from phase and group 529
velocity dispersion data of SH wave
S.D. Rajan and C.S. Howitt
x
Measurement of the elastic properties of the ocean bottom by inversion 537
of reflection amplitude data
N.R. Chapman, K. Rohr
Surface wave inversion for shear wave velocity (Invited) 545
R.B. Herrmann and G.I. AI-Eqabi
Determination of shear velocity profiles by inversion of interface wave data 557
A. Caiti, T. Akal, R.D. Stoll
Using synthetic seismograms to determine shear wave velocities in 567
sediments from ocean bottom seismometer refraction observations
G. T. Leger and H.A. MacPherson
Analytical investigation of seismic surface waves in the seafloor 575
I.M. Roesset, S. G. Wright, M. Sedighi-Manesh
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 583
589
AUTHOR INDEX
SUBJECT INDEX 591
PREFACE
Shear waves and closely related interface waves (Rayleigh, Stoneley and Scholte) play an
important role in many areas of engineering, geophysics and underwater acoustics. In some
cases interest is focused on large-amplitude waves of low frequency such as those associ
ated with earthquakes and nuclear explosions; in other cases low amplitude waves, which
have often travelled great distances through the sediment, are of interest. Both low and
high frequency shear and interface waves are often used for seafloor probing and sediment
characterization. As a result of the wide spectrum of different interests, different disciplines
have developed lines of research and a literature particularly suited to their own problems.
For example water-column acousticians view the seafloor sediment as the lower boundary of
their domain and are interested in shear and interface waves in the near bottom sediments
mainly from the standpoint of how they influence absorption and reflection at this boundary.
On the other hand, geophysicists seeking deep oil deposits are interested in the maximum
penetration into the sediments and the tell-tale characteristics of the seismic waves that have
encountered potential oil or gas bearing strata. In another area, geotechnical engineers use
shear and interface waves to study soil properties necessary for the design and the siting of
seafloor structures.
The groups mentioned above, as well as many others, have developed unique theoretical
models, data sets, and methods of data analysis that are of mutual interest and yet the
amount of interaction and communication between groups is often very limited. For these
reasons, we organized the conference 'Shear Waves in Marine Sediments' which was held
in La Spezia, Italy on 15-19 October 1990. One of the prime objectives of the conference
was to establish a dialogue between these different groups and, hopefully, stimulate more
interaction in future research. Based on the lively discussions that occured at the conference
and the wide variety of papers that were presented, it is clear that each group has much to
offer the others.
Because of the diversity of disciplines and topics, we divided the conference papers into
three broad sessions. We have maintained that organization in this book:
I. Physical Properties and Laboratory Measurements.
II. Field Experiments and Interpretation.
III. Modelling and Inversion Techniques.
Many of the papers are broad enough to fit into more than one of these categories so that
the final ordering in this volume is somewhat arbitrary; nevertheless, we have attempted to
arrange the papers into groups which have similar emphasis.
Conference attendees were asked to submit papers suitable for publication at the end of
the conference. Papers were reviewed by the editors, session chairpersons and other peers.
All of the papers in this volume have been altered, some extensively, by the authors to reflect
not only presentations and discussions during the conference but the reviewers comments.
We hope the peer-review process will increase the value of this volume.
We would like to thank the following session chairpersons and outside reviewers for their
contributions to this volume: H.B. Ali, D.L. Bibee, P.J. Bucca, S.A. Chin-Bing, J.F. Get
trust, D.L. Lavoie, M.M. Rowe (NOARL), J.F. Andrews (ONR Europe), G. Leger (Ocean
Routes Canada), D.M.F. Chapman, F. Desharnais (DREA), A.M. Davis, D. Taylor Smith
xi