Sharks of the Open Ocean: Biology, Fisheries and Conservation PDF
Preview Sharks of the Open Ocean: Biology, Fisheries and Conservation
Sharks of the Open Ocean Biology, Fisheries and Conservation Sharks of the Open Ocean: Biology, Fisheries and Conservation. Edited by M. D. Camhi, E. K. Pikitch and E. A. Babcock © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-0632-05995-9 Fish and Aquatic Resources Series Series Editor: Tony J. Pitcher Director, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Canada The Blackwell Publishing Fish and Aquatic Resources Series is an initiative aimed at pro- viding key books in this fast-moving fi eld, published to a high international standard. The Series includes books that review major themes and issues in the science of fi shes and the interdisciplinary study of their exploitation in human fi sheries. Volumes in the Series combine a broad geographical scope with in-depth focus on concepts, research frontiers, and analytical frameworks. These books will be of interest to research workers in the biology, zoology, ichthyology, ecology, and physiology of fi sh and the economics, anthropology, sociology, and all aspects of fi sheries. They will also appeal to non-specialists such as those with a commercial or industrial stake in fi sheries. It is the aim of the editorial team that books in the Blackwell Publishing Fish and Aquatic Resources Series should adhere to the highest academic standards through being fully peer reviewed and edited by specialists in the fi eld. The Series books are produced by Blackwell Publishing in a prestigious and distinctive format. The Series Editor, Professor Tony J. Pitcher, is an experienced international author, and founding editor of the leading journal in the fi eld of fi sh and fi sheries. The Series Editor and Publisher at Blackwell Publishing, Nigel Balmforth, will be pleased to discuss suggestions, advise on scope, and provide evaluations of proposals for books intended for the Series. Please see contact details listed below. Titles currently included in the Series (Full details at www.blackwellfi sh.com) 1. Effects of Fishing on Marine Ecosystems and Communities (S. Hall) 1999 2. Salmonid Fishes (Edited by Y. Altukhov et al.) 2000 3. Percid Fishes (J. Craig) 2000 4. Fisheries Oceanography (Edited by P. Harrison and T. Parsons) 2000 5. Sustainable Fishery Systems (A. Charles) 2000 6. Krill (Edited by I. Everson) 2000 7. Tropical Estuarine Fishes (S. Blaber) 2000 8. Recreational Fisheries (Edited by T. J. Pitcher and C. E. Hollingworth) 2002 9. Flatfi shes (Edited by R. Gibson) 2005 10. Fisheries Acoustics (J. Simmonds and D. N. MacLennan) 2005 11. Fish Cognition and Behavior (Edited by C. Brown, K. Laland and J. Krause) 2006 12. Seamounts (Edited by T. J. Pitcher, T. Morato, P. J. B. Hart, M. R. Clark, N. Haggan and R. S. Santos) 2007 13. Sharks of the Open Ocean (Edited by M. D. Camhi, E. K. Pikitch and E. A. Babcock) 2008 For further information concerning books in the series, please contact: Nigel Balmforth, Professional Division, Blackwell Publishing, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK Tel: (cid:1)44 (0) 1865 476501; Fax: (cid:1)44 (0) 1865 471501 Email: [email protected] Sharks of the Open Ocean Biology, Fisheries and Conservation Edited by Merry D. Camhi Conservation Consultant, USA Ellen K. Pikitch Pew Institute for Ocean Science, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, USA Elizabeth A. Babcock Pew Institute for Ocean Science, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, USA Blackwell Science © 2008 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing editorial offi ces: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK Tel:(cid:1)44 (0)1865 776868 Blackwell Publishing Professional, 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA Tel: (cid:1)1 515 292 0140 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd, 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia Tel: (cid:1)61 (0)3 8359 1011 The right of the Author to be identifi ed as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. First published 2008 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd ISBN: 978 0632 05995 9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sharks of the open ocean : biology, fi sheries and conservation / edited by Merry D. Camhi, Ellen K. Pikitch, Elizabeth A. Babcock. p. cm. — (Fish and aquatic resources series) ISBN-13: 978-0-632-05995-9 (hardback : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-632-05995-8 (harback : alk. paper) 1. Sharks. 2. Shark fi sheries. 3. Sharks—Conservation. I. Camhi, Merry. II. Pikitch, Ellen K. III. Babcock, Elizabeth A. QL638.9.S487 2008 597.3—dc22 2007039627 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Set in 10/13 pt Times by Charon Tec Ltd (A Macmillan Company), Chennai, India (www.charontec.com) Printed and bound in Singapore by Markono Print Media Pte Ltd The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: www.blackwellpublishing.com Dedications To my eternally supportive family: Zoe, Tasha and John, and the sharks of the open ocean – long may they roam. Merry D. Camhi To my family, including my parents, children, and husband, to my extended human family of relatives, friends, and colleagues, and to all living creatures on this blue planet, especially sharks. Ellen K. Pikitch To my mother and father. Elizabeth A. Babcock This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Contributors xxi Series Foreword xxix Foreword xxxii Acknowledgments xxxiv Part I Introduction and Overview 1 1 Introduction to Sharks of the Open Ocean 3 Ellen K. Pikitch, Merry D. Camhi and Elizabeth A. Babcock Introduction 3 The need for oceanic shark research and management 4 Evaluating the conservation status of open ocean sharks 6 The future of oceanic sharks 8 References 10 2 Pelagic Elasmobranch Diversity 14 Leonard J. V. Compagno Introduction 14 Pelagic shark diversity 15 Pelagic sharks in perspective 20 Acknowledgments 22 References 22 3 The Reproductive Biology of Pelagic Elasmobranchs 24 Franklin F. Snelson Jr., Brenda L. Roman and George H. Burgess Introduction 24 Methods and defi nitions 25 Modes of reproduction 25 Reproductive trends in pelagic elasmobranchs 27 Reproduction in lamniform sharks 28 Litter size 28 Birth size 30 Gestation period 31 Reproductive periodicity 32 viii Contents Age and size at maturity 34 Development 36 Reproduction in requiem sharks 37 Litter size 37 Birth size 38 Gestation period 39 Reproductive periodicity 39 Age and size at maturity 39 Development 40 Reproduction in the pelagic stingray 41 Litter size 41 Birth size 41 Gestation period 41 Reproductive periodicity 42 Age and size at maturity 42 Development 42 Discussion 43 References 45 Part II Life History and Status of Pelagic Elasmobranchs 55 Introduction 57 Biology and ecology 57 Fisheries and status 58 Conclusion 59 4 The Biology and Ecology of Thresher Sharks (Alopiidae) 60 Susan E. Smith, Randall C. Rasmussen, Darlene A. Ramon and Gregor M. Cailliet Introduction 60 Distribution and movements 60 Biology and ecology 62 Age and growth 62 Reproduction 64 Diet 64 Threats and status 65 Acknowledgments 66 References 66 5 The Biology and Ecology of the White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias 69 Barry D. Bruce Introduction 69 Distribution, movements, and stock structure 70 Geographic distribution 70 Tagging studies and in situ observations 71 Contents ix Seasonal movements 71 Effects of temperature 71 Stock structure 72 Biology and ecology 72 Age and growth 72 Mortality 74 Reproduction 74 Diet 75 Threats and status 75 Acknowledgments 76 References 76 6 Case Study: White Shark Movements in the North Pacifi c Pelagic Ecosystem 82 Andre M. Boustany, Kevin C. M. Weng, Scot D. Anderson, Peter Pyle and Barbara A. Block Introduction 82 Methods and Results 83 References 85 7 The Biology and Ecology of the Shortfi n Mako Shark, Isurus oxyrinchus 87 John D. Stevens Introduction 87 Biology and ecology 88 Age and growth 88 Reproduction 89 Diet 89 Distribution and movements 89 Distribution 89 Migration and movements 89 Threats and status 90 Fisheries 90 Stock structure and status 91 References 91 8 The Biology and Ecology of the Salmon Shark, Lamna ditropis 95 Kenneth J. Goldman and John A. Musick Introduction 95 Biology and ecology 96 Distribution and movements 98 Threats and status 100 x Contents Acknowledgments 101 References 102 9 The Biology and Ecology of the Porbeagle Shark, Lamna nasus 105 Malcolm P. Francis, Lisa J. Natanson and Steven E. Campana Introduction 105 Distribution, movements, and stock structure 106 Biology and ecology 107 Length–length and length–weight relationships 107 Length at birth and maturity 107 Growth, maturity, and recruitment 107 Maximum length, longevity, and natural mortality 109 Length, age, and sex composition 109 Reproduction 110 Diet 110 Threats and status 110 Fisheries 110 Stock status 111 Acknowledgments 111 References 111 10 The Biology and Ecology of the Silky Shark, Carcharhinus falciformis 114 Ramón Bonfi l Introduction 114 Distribution, movements, and stock structure 115 Geographic, depth, and age-related distribution 115 Movements and migrations 117 Stock structure and genetic studies 117 Biology and ecology 119 Reproduction 119 Age and growth 121 Diet 122 Threats and status 122 Silky sharks in tropical fi sheries 122 Stock assessment and fi sheries management 123 Conservation of silky sharks 124 References 125 11 The Biology and Ecology of the Oceanic Whitetip Shark, Carcharhinus longimanus 128 Ramón Bonfi l, Shelley Clarke and Hideki Nakano Introduction 128 Distribution and movements 129
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