Sharing the costs and benefits of energy and resource activity : legal change and impact on communities PDF
Preview Sharing the costs and benefits of energy and resource activity : legal change and impact on communities
SHARING THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF ENERGY AND RESOURCE ACTIVITY Sharing the Costs and Benefits of Energy and Resource Activity Legal Change and Impact on Communities Editedby LILA BARRERA-HERNÁNDEZ BARRY BARTON LEE GODDEN ALASTAIR LUCAS ANITA RØNNE 1 1 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©InternationalBarAssociation2016 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2016 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer CrowncopyrightmaterialisreproducedunderClassLicence NumberC01P0000148withthepermissionofOPSI andtheQueen’sPrinterforScotland PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016934641 ISBN978–0–19–876795–4 Printedandboundby CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. Preface Thisbookistheeighthinaseriesofbookprojectsresultingfromacooperativerela- tionship between the Academic Advisory Group of the Section on Energy, Envi- ronment, Natural Resources, and Infrastructure Law of the International Bar AssociationwiththerestoftheSectionandtheOxfordUniversityPress.TheInter- nationalBarAssociation(IBA)istheworld’slargestinternationalorganizationof lawyers and bar associations, with activity that includes the IBA Human Rights InstituteandtheBarIssuesCommission.WithintheIBA,theSection(SEERIL) coordinatestheactivitiesofsixcommittees,whichaimtofurtherthedevelopment andunderstandingofthelawrelatingtooilandgas,mining,environment,inter- nationalconstructionprojects,power,andwater.ManymembersofSEERILhave beeninvolvedinpublicinterestinitiativessuchastheModelMiningDevelopment AgreementandtheTaskForceonClimateChangeJusticeandHumanRights.The AcademicAdvisoryGroup(AAG)hasbeenpartoftheSectionfromitsinception. Formally,itischargedwithcarryingoutresearchandreportingtotheSectionon legalmattersofinteresttothemembersoftheSection;butintruth,inadditionto thatrole,itoperatesasaninternationalresearchnetworkinthisfieldoflaw.Ithas operated in that way actively and successfully for thirty years.While the AAG is, naturallyenough,academicandscholarlyinitscharacter,oneofitschiefstrengths is the relationship it enjoys with practitioners in the Section. The strong nexus betweenlegalpracticeandlegalscholarshipisofgreatvaluetobothsides.Outof thisnexuscamesomeofthestimulusforthisresearchproject,whenspeakersfrom allovertheworldatthebiennialSectionConferenceinBerlinin2014crystallized ourperceptionofashiftinthinkingandinlawaboutthewaythatthebenefitsand burdens of resource development should be shared with communities. It became apparent to us that a new chapter had opened up in the story of the relationship between resource development projects and the communities where they are located. The editors and authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the SEERIL CouncilanditsofficersfortheAAG’swork.Inparticular,theyacknowledgewith warm thanks the enthusiastic support that Patricia Nuñez, the Section Council Chairperson,hasalwaysgiventheAAG.TheSectionparticularlyassistedtheAAG withits‘mid-term’meetingatwhichmanyofthemainthemesofthebookproject werehammeredout.Theeditorsfurtherrecordtheirappreciationoftheleadership ofProfessorAileenMcHargofStrathclydeUniversityasChairpersonoftheAAG inthetimethatthisresearchwasundertaken. Themid-termmeetingwashostedinJune2015inBogotá,Colombia,byExter- nadodeColombiaUniversity.WerecordoursincerethankstoProfessorJuanCar- los Henao, the Principal of the University, and to Professor Luis Moreno, the DirectoroftheUniversity’sMiningandEnergyLawInstitute.OurAAGcolleague DrMiltonMontoya,theResearchDirectoroftheInstitute,washospitablebeyond vi Preface measure, and gave a wonderful introduction to his University and nation, espe- ciallyforthoseofusforwhomthemeetingwasafirstvisittohiscountry.Wethank him and Cristina Ireño, a law student of the University, for their work on the arrangements for the meeting.The three full days of the mid-term meeting were essential to carrying out a complex international research project in a relatively short time.The meeting was followed by a well-attended public seminar on the themesoftheproject.Theeditorsandauthorsbenefitedgreatlyfromtheinterac- tionsattheseevents. Finally,theeditorsacknowledgethecordialprofessionalismofOxfordUniver- sityPressand,inparticular,ourCommissioningEditorFayeMousley.ThePresshas ahistorythatgivesitafinereputation,butthethoughtfulness,expertise,andatten- tiontodetailthatitbringstoitsroleeverytimethatweworkwithitcausesit,in oureyes,toearnitsreputationalloveragain. TheEditors Contents TableofAbbreviations xiii ListofContributors xvii 1. Introduction 1 LilaBarrera-Hernández,BarryBarton,LeeGodden,AlastairLucas, andAnitaRønne I. Anewphaseinthelaw 1 II. Driversofchange 4 III. Fourconcepts:costs,benefits,sharing,andcommunity 6 IV. Themesandcontentofthebook 12 V. Conclusion 21 PARTI. THEMESANDLEGALFRAMEWORKS 2. CommunityandSharing 25 BarryBartonandMichaelGoldsmith I. Introduction 25 II. Aspectsofcommunityspecifictoresources,energy, andenvironment 27 III. Thecommunityinpoliticalandlegaltheory 29 IV. Communitygovernanceandcommunitypower 32 V. Thestate 33 VI. Groupsofidentityandculture 35 VII. Indigenouscommunity 36 VIII. Newlegalmechanisms 38 IX. Conclusions 40 3. RegionalandLocalEnergyCommunities—AEuropeanUnion PerspectiveonCommunityBenefits 41 IñigodelGuayo I. Introduction—energy,societies,andcommunities 41 II. Energycommunities 42 III. TheEUCommitteeoftheRegions 47 IV. Investmentintheenergysectorandenergycommunities 51 V. Conclusions 56 viii Contents 4. SharedInternationalResponsibilityforTransboundary HarmArisingfromEnergyActivities 59 CatherineRedgwell I. Introduction 59 II. Whatis‘shared’responsibility? 60 III. Energycontextsinwhichsharedresponsibility mightarise 63 IV. Sharedresponsibilitybetweenpublicandprivate energyactors 69 V. Conclusion 72 5. IndigenousPeoplesandFree,Prior,andInformedConsent inLatinAmerica 75 LilaBarrera-Hernández I. Introduction 75 II. UnderstandingFPIC 75 III. PracticalimplementationinLatinAmerica—defining the‘FPICcommunity’ 81 IV. FPICoutcomes,challenges,andlessonslearned inLatinAmerica 88 V. Conclusion 92 6. CorporateSocialResponsibilityintheMiningIndustries ofNamibia,SouthAfrica,andZambia:Choices andConsequences 93 HanriMostert,Kangwa-MusoleChisanga,JanineHoward, FatimaMandhu,MeyervandenBerg,andCheri-LeighYoung I. Introduction 93 II. Conceptsandmotivations 94 III. Enablingframeworks 96 IV. Indicatorsofcorporatesocialresponsibility 98 V. Insightsandconclusions 110 7. SocialLicencetoOperateintheUnconventionalOil andGasDevelopmentSectorTheColoradoExperience 113 DonC.Smith I. Introduction 113 II. Thedevelopmentofunconventionaloilandgas inColorado 114 III. Sociallicencetooperate 123 IV. Conclusion 130 Contents ix PARTII. LEGALMEASURESANDMECHANISMS TODISTRIBUTECOSTSANDBENEFITS 8. AgreementswithIndigenousCommunitiesTheNativeTitleAct inAustralia 135 LeeCarolGoddenandLilyO’Neill I. Introduction:Theriseofagreement-making 135 II. Participationofindigenouscommunities 136 III. ModelsformanagingimpactsandbenefitsinAustralia 139 IV. Agreementsgoverningimpactsandbenefits 143 V. Thecasestudies:Ataleof twoLNGprojects 145 VI. Theroleofthenativetitleact 148 VII. Conclusion:Sharingimpactsandbenefitsasabasisforinclusion 152 9. CommunityBenefitAgreementsforWindFarmSitinginContext 155 LeRoyC.PaddockandMaxGreenblum I. Introduction 156 II. Concernsaboutwindfacilitysiting 156 III. Theemergenceofcommunitybenefitsagreementsin theUnitedStates 160 IV. CBAsforwindenergysiting 164 V. CBAsaspartofacomprehensiveapproachtowindfacilitysiting 167 VI. Conclusion 170 10. OppositiontoWindFarmsandthePossibleResponsesofthe LegalSystem 173 AnitaRønne I. Introduction 173 II. Casestudies 175 III. Reasonsforpublicoppositiontowindfarms 176 IV. Legalmeansofreducingoppositiontowindfarms 177 V. Ensuringthatpublicauthoritiesmaintainintegrityandcontrol 189 VI. Bestpracticeandconclusions 190 11. ThePositionofCitizensinEnergyProductionin theNetherlands:IsaNewApproachEmerging? 193 MarthaM.Roggenkamp I. Introduction 193 II. ANewRoleforCitizensinOnshoreGasProduction 194 III. Citizens’involvementinrenewableenergyproduction 199 IV. Conclusion 205
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