Shape Memory Effects in Alloys

576 Pages·1975·17.13 MB·English

by  C. M. Wayman (auth.)

SHAPE MEMORY
EFFECTS IN ALLOYS
The Metallurgical Society of AIME Proceedings
published by Plenum Press
1968-Refractory Metal Alloys: Metallurgy and Technology
Edited by I. Machlin, R. T. Begley, and E. D. Weisert
1969-Research in Dental and Medical Materials
Edited by Edward KOTVstoff
1969--Developments in the Structural Chemistry of Alloy Phases
ElUted by B. C. Giessen
1970--Corrosion by Liquid Metals
Edited by J. E. Drale.\' and J. R. Weeks
1971-Metal Forming: Interaction Between Theory and Practice
Edited by A. L. Hoffmanner
1972-The Nature and Behavior of Grain Boundaries
Edited by Hsun Hu
1973-Titanium Science and Technology (4 Volumes)
Edited by R. I. Jaffee and H. M. Burte
1973-Metallurgical Effects at High Strain Rates
Edited by R. W. Rohde, B. M. Butcher,
J. R. Holland, and C. H. Karnes
1975-Physics of Solid Solution Strengthening
Edited by E. W. Collings and H. L. Gege/
1975-Shape Memory Effects in Alloys
Edited by Jeff Perkins
A Publication of The Metallurgical Society of AIME
SHAPE MEMORY
EFFECTS IN ALLOYS
Edited by
Jeff Perkins
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Library ofCongress Cataloging in Publication Data
International Symposium on Shape Memory Effects and Applications, Toronto, 1975.
Shape memory effects in alloys.
"A publication of the Metallurgical Society of AIME."
Sponsored by the Physical Metallurgy Committee, Institute of Metals Division,
Metallurgical Society of AIME.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. AIloys-Congresses. 2. Physical metallurgy-Congresses. I. Perkins, Jeff. II_ Metal
lurgical Society of AIME. Institute of Metals Division Physical Metallurgy Committee.
III. TitIe.
TN689.2.I59 1975 669'.94 75-31928
ISBN 978-1-4684-2213-9 ISBN 978-1-4684-2211-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-2211-5
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Shape Memory Effects and Ap
plications held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 19-22, 1975 and sponsored by the
Physical Metallurgy Committee, Institute of Metals Division, The Metallurgical
Society of AIME
© 1975 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by 1975 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover Ist edition 1975
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London
A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd.
Davis House (4th Floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, London, NWI0 6SE, England
AlI rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permis sion from the Publisher
Preface
The International Symposium on Shape Memory Effects and Appli
cations was held at the University of Toronto on May 19-20, 1975,
in four sessions over two days, as part of the regular 1975 Spring
Meeting of The Metallurgical Society of AlME, sponsored by the
Physical Metallurgy Committee of The Metallurgical Society. This
was the first symposium on the subject, the only previous meeting
at all related being the 1968 NOL Symposium on TiNi and Associated
Compounds.
One of the major intentions of this Symposium was to provide
a forum for cross-communication between workers in the diverse
metallurgical areas pertinent to shape memory effects, areas such
as martensitic transformation, crystallography and thermodynamics,
mechanical behavior, stress-induced transformation, lattice sta
bility, and alloy development. Authors were encouraged to place
an emphasis on delineation of general controlling factors and mech
anisms, and on comparison of shape memory effect alloy systems with
systems not exhibiting SME.
Ten authors were invited to present thorough treatments in
various areas of particular significance; these invited papers are
grouped at the beginning of these Proceedings, although at the
actual Symposium they were dispersed throughout the program. Twenty
two additional papers were contributed; these are grouped in the
second and third sections, five being arbitrarily separated into
the third section for papers dealing with applications which have
reached a relatively advanced stage of development. Many of these
contributed papers were specifically solicited by the Symposium co
ordinator because of their importance and interest, but because of
time and space limitations were allowed slightly less presentation
time at the meeting and slightly less space in these Proceedings.
Professor Walter S. OWen was invited to overview the entire sym
posium; his paper is included in the first section. Papers 17, 22,
and 27, and some written discussions were contributed after the
meeting. Paper 20 was scheduled for presentation but not presented
at the meeting. Dr. R.A. Vandermeer presented a paper at the meet
ing, but it was not available for publication. The symposium was
v
PREFACE
well attended and provided much interesting oral discussion, which
unfortunately could not be recorded. The meeting was truly inter
national, with non-USA origin for fifteen of the thirty-three pa
pers and authors from ten different countries.
An additional, impromptu session was informally organized on
the evening of the final day of the Symposium, at which time Luc
De1aey projected and narrated several of his excellent films on
martensitic transformations in beta-brass type alloys (available
through Encyclopedia Cinematographie), and Dave Lieberman regaled
the group with demonstrations and descriptions of the remarkable
behavior and mechanisms of ferroe1astic effects such as in AuCd.
The esthetic high point of this evening, and the symposium as a
whole, however, occurred when Ridgeway Banks fired up his mechani
cally amazing Nitino1 heat engine, which was assembled and observed,
because of the nonavai1abi1ity of a convenient room with hot and
cold water that evening, in the second floor men's washroom facil
ity of Sidney Smith Hall at the University. One participant was
inspired to speculate whether, in the historical parade of mile
stones in energy conversion, the occasion will rank with the gather
ing under the west stand at Stagg Field on December 2, 1942.
The papers and discussion presented at this symposium would
seem to have significantly advanced both the theoretical and empir
ical aspects of SME phenomena. Also, the meetings served in them
selves as an excellent conference on martensitic transformation,
and the papers published here constitute an excellent coverage of
this area. The symposium coordinator and editor expresses his
appreciation to the many enthusiastic authors, and especially to
the four session chairmen (Horace Pops, Marv Wayman, Bill Buehler,
Jack Harrison), all of whom made the symposium a great success.
Jeff Perkins
May 1975
Contents
1. Deformation, Mechanisms and Other Characteristics
of Shape Memory Alloys 1
C. M. Wayman
2. The Mechanical Properties of SME Alloys • . . . . • • .• 29
C. Rodriguez and L. C. Brown
3. Optical and Electron Microscope Observations of
Transformation and Deformation Characteristics
in Cu-Al-Ni Marmem Alloys • . . . . . • . . • . 59
K. Shimizu and K. Otsuka
4. Crystallography and Thermodynamics of
SME-Martensites • • . . • . • . 89
L. Delaey and H. Warlimont
5. Martensitic Transformations in 8-Phase Alloys • • • • • . 115
S. Vatanayon and R. F. Hehemann
6. Lattice Softening and the Origin of SME . . . • . • • •• 147
N. Nakanishi
7. Premartensitic-Martensite Transitions Related
to Shape Memory Effect 177
K. Mukherjee, M. Chandrasekaran, and F. Milillo
8. Ferroelastic "Memory" and Mechanical Properties
in Gold Cadium • . • • • . 203
D. S. Lieberman, M. A. Schmerling, and R. W. Karz
9. The Shape Memory Effect in TiNi: One Aspect of
Stress-Assisted Martensitic Transformation 245
R. J. Wasilewski
vii
viii CONTENTS
10. Thermomechanica1 Characteristics of Alloys
Exhibiting Martensitic Thermoe1asticity 273
J. Perkins, G. R. Edwards, C. R. Such,
J. M. Johnson, and R. R. Allen
11. Shape Memory Effects and Applications:
An Overview 305
w. S. Owen
12. Direct Observation of Martensitic Transformation
Between Martensites in a Cu-A1-Ni Alloy 327
K. Otsuka, H. Sakamoto, and K. Shimizu
13. Microstructural Changes During SME Behavior 341
L. De1aey and J. Thiene1
14. Martensite Formation as a Deformation Process in
Po1ycrysta11ine Copper-Zinc Based Alloys . • 351
L. De1aey, F. Van de Voorde, and R. V. Krishnan
15. The Influence of Thermal History on the Pseudo
elasticity of Copper-Zinc Based Alloys
and the Mechanical Behaviour of Martensite 365
R. Rapacio1i, M. Chandrasekaran, and L. De1aey
16. The Martensitic Transformation in a-Brass and
the Shape Memory Effect • • • • 379
M. Ahlers, R. Rapacio1i, and W. Arneodo
17. The Rubberlike Behavior in Cu-Zn-A1 Martensite
Single Crystals • • • • • • • • . . • • 385
R. Rapacio1i, M. Chandrasekaran, M. Ahlers,
and L. De1aey
18. Supere1asticity and Shape Memory Effect in
Cu-Sn Alloys • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • .• 389
S. Miura, Y. Morita, and N. Nakanishi
19. Shape Memory Effect and Ane1asticity Associated
with the Martensitic Transformation in
the Stoechiometric Fe3Pt Alloy • • • • • • 407
M. Foos, C. Frantz, and M. Gantois
20. Compression of CuA1Ni Crystals • • • • 419
L. A. Shepard
21. Tensile Properties of Superconducting Composite
Conductors and Nb-Ti Alloys at 4.2~ •.• 431
D. S. Easton and C. C. Koch
CONTENTS ix
22. Suggestions for Applying a Phenomenological
Approach to Investigations of Mechanical
Behavior in SME Alloys . . . . . . . . . 445
G. Edwards and J. Perkins
23. Internal Friction Measurements on Copper-Zince
Based Martensite . •. ....••• 451
W. DeJonghe, R. DeBatist, L. Delaey, and
M. DeBonte
24. A Quantitative Treatment of the Lattice
Softening of Shape Memory Alloys . 467
N. Rusovic and H. Warlimont
25. The Relationshiop Between Stacking Fault Energy
and Shape Memory in Primary Solid Solutions 477
G. B. Brook, R. F. lIes, and P. L. Brooks
,-26. Mechanisms for Martensite Formation and
the Shape Memory Effect . . . . . 487
S. Mendelson
27. On Zonal Dislocations and Their Origin for
Twinning and Martensite Formation 503
S. Mendelson
28. Use of TiNi in Mechanical and Electrical
Connectors . . • • . . . . . . 517
J. D. Harrison and D. E. Hodgson
29. Manufacture of an Integrated Circuit Package . • • • •• 525
H. Pops
30. Nitinol Heat Engines • . • • • . • . • . . . . • • . .. 537
R. Banks
31. Internal Vibration Absorption Potential in
Structural Materials • • . . 547
L. Kaufman, S. A. Kulin, and P. Neshe
32. A Proposed Medical Application of the Shape
Memory Effect: A NiTi Harrington Rod
for the Treatment of Scoliosis . . 563
M. A. Schmerling, M. A. wilkov, A. E. Sanders,
and J. E. Woosley
33. Written Discussion . 575
Index 579
DEFORMATION, MECHANISMS AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF SHAPE
MEMORY ALLOYS
C. M. Wayman
Department of Metallurgy and Mining Engineering and
Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
I. INTRODUCTION
Although only a curiosity a few years ago, the shape memory
effect ("marmem" (1) = martensite ~ory effect) is now a field of
intense investigation which has reached a maturity level high
enough to warrant an international conference devoted to the sub
ject alone. At one time, the "uncoiling wire experiment" was used
to amuse various audiences, small and large, and I, and many col
leagues as well, have had fun with ''Nitinol'' in front of prospec
tive metallurgy students and others who once thought that the pri
mary function of a metallurgist was in the steel mill. In the past
few years, we have seen the list of memory materiais getting longer
and longer, patents being issued, and useful devices fashioned.
There is now thought about using the shape memory effect (SME) for
energy conversion, and several "engine" prototypes have been built.
In 1971, Professor Shimizu and I, in putting together a coop
erative research program, surveyed the state of the art of memory
alloys (1). It then appeared that memory martensites were ordered,
thermoelastic, and internally twinned. The first two of these
"selection rules" still appear to be applicable but the matter con
cerning the martensite substructure requires additional clarifica
tion as will be discussed later. More recently, Delaey, Warlimont,
Krishnan and Tass (2) have updated the field with an extensive
three-part review, including a number of recent unpublished results.
It will not be the purpose here to resurvey this material, but
rather an attempt will be made to concentrate on certain problem
areas and present some recent findings.