Shamanism: A Biopsychosocial Paradigm of Consciousness and Healing, Second Edition PDF
Preview Shamanism: A Biopsychosocial Paradigm of Consciousness and Healing, Second Edition
SHAMANISM This page intentionally left blank SHAMANISM A Biopsychosocial Paradigm of Consciousness and Healing SECOND EDITION Michael Winkelman Copyright2010byMichaelWinkelman Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedina retrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical, photocopying,recording,orotherwise,exceptfortheinclusionofbriefquotationsina review,withoutpriorpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Winkelman,Michael. Shamanism:abiopsychosocialparadigmofconsciousnessandhealing/MichaelWinkelman.— 2nded. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978–0–313–38181–2(hardcopy:alk.paper)—ISBN978–0–313–38182–9(ebook) 1. Mentalhealing. 2. Shamanism. 3. Shamanism—Physiologicalaspects. 4. Alteredstatesof consciousness. I.Title. RZ401.W56 2010 615.8051—dc22 2010011191 ISBN:978–0–313–38181–2 EISBN:978–0–313–38182–9 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 ThisbookisalsoavailableontheWorldWideWebasaneBook. Visitwww.abc-clio.comfordetails. Praeger AnImprintofABC-CLIO,LLC ABC-CLIO,LLC 130CremonaDrive,P.O.Box1911 SantaBarbara,California93116-1911 Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica Toshamanspastandfuture,andtoallwhowishtobetterunderstand ourevolvedspiritualnature. This page intentionally left blank Contents ListofIllustrations xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction xvii Chapter1 IntroductiontoShamanismandConsciousness 1 ChapterOverview 1 Introduction:ShamanismandtheAlterationofConsciousness 2 CultureandtheAlterationofConsciousness 4 ShamanismandtheStudyofConsciousness 6 MentalEffectsontheOrganism 8 ANeurophenomenologicalApproachtoConsciousness 9 OperationalandCognizedEnvironments 10 BrainStructuresandConsciousness:TheTriuneBrain 13 ConsciousnessandAlteredStatesofConsciousness: AReconceptualization 20 ModesofConsciousness 21 ReconceptualizingStatesofConsciousnesswithinModes 23 BiologicalBasesoftheIntegrativeModeofConsciousness 25 DrugsandtheIntegrativeModeofConsciousness 26 DisinhibitionandDeregulation 30 HypnosisasIntegrationandDissociation 31 MeditationandIntegrativeBrainDynamics 35 CommonDenominatorsinModifyingConsciousness 36 AnEvolutionaryBiologicalApproachtoShamanism 38 ReligiousThoughtandInnateModules 39 Conclusions:VisionaryExperienceasaNeuroepistemological System 43 vii viii CONTENTS Chapter2 TheNatureandBasisofShamanism: Cross-Cultural,Linguistic,andPrehistoricalPerspectives 45 ChapterOverview 45 ThePhenomenaofShamanism 45 TheClassicShaman 47 TheShamanasaCross-CulturalPhenomenon 49 The“ShamanismControversy” 59 TheSocioculturalEvolutionofShamanicPotentials 63 LinguisticRootsandSurvivalsofShamanisminIndo-European Languages 65 Indo-EuropeanMagico-ReligiousLinguisticRoots 66 ShamanicRootsinHinduismandBuddhism 67 Magico-ReligiousStructuresinIndo-EuropeanSocieties 69 RootsofIndo-EuropeanMedicine 70 ShamanicElementsinOriginsofMysticalTraditions 71 TheAncientPresenceofShamanisminPre-ProtoIndo-EuropeanSocieties 74 TheShamanicParadigminCaveArt 74 TheOriginsofModernHumanCognition 76 MimesisandtheExpansionoftheRitualCapacity 79 SocialandPsychodynamicFunctionsofShamanicRitual 83 Conclusions:ShamanismandNeurognosticPotentials 88 Chapter3 ConsciousnessinSystemPerspectives 91 ChapterOverview 91 TheNatureofConsciousness 92 EtymologicalRootsofConsciousness 92 ConsciousnessasaSystem 94 FormsofSymbolicConsciousness:Representational andPresentational 97 PresentationalSymbolism:ImageryandAction 100 Mimesis:TheBodyasMetaphor 102 SocialConsciousness:OthersinSelfandMind 104 FormsofSelf-AgentsandConsciousness 106 TheGuardianSpiritQuest 110 DeathandRebirthasSelf-Development 112 AnalogicalThoughtandMetaphorinShamanism 115 AnimismandAnalogicalProcesses 116 ShamanicFlight:TheOut-of-BodyExperience 117 TheBiologicalBasesoftheOut-of-Body-Experience 120 Conclusions:ShamanicConsciousnessasSpecialKnowledge 124 Notes 125 Chapter4 TheIntegrativeModeofConsciousness 127 ChapterOverview 127 Introduction:DifferentStatesofConsciousnessintheIntegrative ModeofConsciousness 128 ShamanisticSoCintheIMC 130 CONTENTS ix ShamanicStatesofConsciousness 132 MusicandDrumming 133 Incorporating“Dreamtime”intoShamanicConsciousness 135 InhibitionofNaturalDrives 141 “SacredMedicines”:TheHallucinogensasPsychointegrators 144 MeditativeStatesofConsciousness 151 NeurophenomenologicalPerspectivesonMeditativeCommonalities 152 ContemplativeViewsofthePostformalDevelopment ofConsciousness 158 PossessionStatesofConsciousness 167 ADiversityofPossessions 169 SocialandPhysiologicalCorrelatesofPossession 172 PossessionandDissociativeIdentityDisorders 175 BrainConditionsofPossessionandDissociation 178 FunctionalAspectsofIntegrativeConsciousness 179 Conclusions 181 Notes 182 Chapter5 ShamanisticTherapies 183 ChapterOverview 183 Introduction:BasesforShamanisticTherapies 184 AlteringConsciousnessasaBasisforShamanisticTherapies 185 TheIMCasaHealingModality 186 StressandItsPsychophysiologicalDynamics 188 DanceandMusicasCoreShamanicTherapy 192 Psychointegration:TheTherapeuticEffectsofSacredMedicines 195 MeditationasBiopsychosocialTherapy 200 TheSpiritWorldasaTherapeuticResource:SymbolicHealing 204 SpiritsasRepresentationsofMentalandSocialProcesses 204 Psychoneuroimmunology 209 SymbolicHealingthroughMetaphor 213 BiosocializationandSymbolicPenetration 215 ShamanisticHealingandtheSelf 217 PossessionIllnessandTherapy 221 CommunityRituals:SocialRelationsandWell-Being 223 TheFunctionalEfficacyofRitual 223 PhysiologyofCommunityBonding:EndogenousOpioidReleasers 225 NeuroanatomicalBasesofRitualHealing 227 Conclusions 228 Notes 229 Chapter6 EvolutionaryOriginsofShamanicRitual 231 ChapterOverview 231 RitualandEvolution 232 PlayandRitual 233 RitualProcessesintheGreatApes:BaselinesforHomininRitual 233
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