Shale energy engineering 2014 : technical challenges, environmental issues, and public policy : proceedings of the 2014 Shale Energy Engineering Conference, July 21-23, 2014, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania PDF
Preview Shale energy engineering 2014 : technical challenges, environmental issues, and public policy : proceedings of the 2014 Shale Energy Engineering Conference, July 21-23, 2014, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
S E HALE NERGY E 2014 NGINEERING T C , E ECHNICAL HALLENGES NVIRONMENTAL I , P P SSUES AND UBLIC OLICY PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2014 SHALE ENERGY ENGINEERING CONFERENCE July 21–23, 2014 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania SPONSORED BY The Energy Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers EDITED BY Christopher L. Meehan, Ph.D., P.E. Jeanne M. VanBriesen, Ph.D., P.E. Farshid Vahedifard, Ph.D., P.E. Xiong Yu, Ph.D., P.E. Cesar Quiroga, Ph.D., P.E. Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers Published by American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, Virginia, 20191-4382 www.asce.org/bookstore | ascelibrary.org Any statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statement made herein. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE. The materials are for general information only and do not represent a standard of ASCE, nor are they intended as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document. ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefor. The information contained in these materials should not be used without first securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specific application. Anyone utilizing such information assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents. ASCE and American Society of Civil Engineers—Registered in U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Photocopies and permissions. Permission to photocopy or reproduce material from ASCE publications can be requested by sending an e-mail to [email protected] or by locating a title in ASCE's Civil Engineering Database (http://cedb.asce.org) or ASCE Library (http://ascelibrary.org) and using the “Permissions” link. Errata: Errata, if any, can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413654. Copyright © 2014 by the American Society of Civil Engineers. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-0-7844-1365-4 (CD-ROM) ISBN 978-0-7844-7860-8 (PDF) Manufactured in the United States of America. Preface In recent years, new technologies that utilize horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques have led to a rapid expansion of the shale oil and gas industry, offering access to new sources of hydrocarbon fuels that hold the promise of energy independence for the United States. At the same time, there has been public concern about the potential environmental effects of these new technologies, with varying environmental regulations being implemented at the state and federal level in response to their rapid deployment. Consequently, some areas of the country are witnessing a rapid growth in the number of wells for exploration, while other areas have delayed this development pending further environmental studies. Additionally, the rapid growth of the shale energy industry in some areas has imposed new demands on the people and infrastructure in local communities. Moving forwards, the challenge for our society is to develop a holistic approach to shale oil and gas exploitation that enables economic growth and prosperity, while minimizing negative environmental impacts and socio-economic disturbances in our communities. Civil and Environmental Engineers have as their core mission the protection of the public health, safety, and welfare. With this in mind, the Energy Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) has organized a new, broadly-themed conference, entitled “Shale Energy Engineering 2014: Technical Challenges, Environmental Issues, and Public Policy.” This conference was held July 21-23, 2014 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and its goals were to provide a forum for: discussing the technical challenges associated with shale oil and gas development from a civil engineering perspective, exploring the critical environmental and infrastructure issues that exist in this industry, and presenting public policy solutions that enable safe development of shale oil and gas resources. The conference was organized into the following four tracks: (1) Water Resources Management in Shale Oil & Gas Development; (2) Geological and Geotechnical Aspects of Shale Oil & Gas Well Development; (3) Environmental, Regulatory, and Public Policy Issues; and (4) Supporting Infrastructure Development for Shale Oil & Gas Production. The following volume contains the Proceedings from ASCE’s 2014 Shale Energy Engineering Conference. In this volume, seventy-three papers are included from authors presenting at the conference in the four track areas noted above. Three types of paper submissions were allowed for the conference: research letters, technical papers, and case study papers. Research letters are 5-6 pages long, and highlight cutting-edge research projects or particularly innovative practice-oriented projects. Technical papers are 7-10 pages long, and detail the findings from research- or practice-oriented projects that are of broad interest to the shale energy engineering community. Case study papers are 10-15 pages long, and provide more extensive details, photographs, and descriptions about an individual field project. Paper sessions at the conference were organized by 34 session chairs. In this volume, the reader will find them listed as Members of the Review Board. They were assisted by 80 professional colleagues to perform a minimum of two anonymous reviews for each paper by experts in the corresponding subject area. On behalf of the conference organizers and the ASCE Energy Division, we wish to express our gratitude to all of the session chairs and reviewers for their diligent and tireless efforts to make these Proceedings a reality. We also wish to extend our thanks to Elaine Watson, Barbara Whitten, Donna Dickert, Drew Caracciolo, and Naida Caton, our core conference planning support team within ASCE. Finally, we would like to thank the authors for their contributions to the Proceedings. The papers that have been submitted by our colleagues do a great service to the shale energy engineering profession. The Editors Christopher L. Meehan Jeanne M. VanBriesen Farshid Vahedifard Xiong Yu Cesar Quiroga SHALE ENERGY ENGINEERING 2014: CONFERENCE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Conference Chair Kemal Niksic, P.E., M.ASCE., Hatch Mott MacDonald Conference Co-Chairs Jonathan L. Tan, M.ASCE, Black & Veatch Christopher L. Meehan, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Delaware Technical Program Chair J. Daniel Arthur, P.E., SPEC, M.ASCE, ALL Consulting Technical Publication Committee Chair and Chief Editor Christopher L. Meehan, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Delaware Track Chairs Water Resources Management Paul A. Bizier, P.E., BCEE, F.ASCE, Barge, Waggoner, Sumner, and Cannon, Inc. Jeanne M. VanBriesen, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Carnegie Mellon University Geological/Geotechnical Khalid Farrag, Ph.D., P.E., PMP, M.ASCE, Gas Technology Institute Farshid Vahedifard, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Mississippi State University Environmental/Regulatory/Public Policy Gregory F. Scott, P.E., M.ASCE, Buchart Horn, Inc. Xiong Yu, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Case Western Reserve University Supportive Infrastructure/Technology James H. Anspach, P.G., M.ASCE, Cardno Cesar Quiroga, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Texas A&M Transportation Institute Technical Publication Co-Editors Water Resources Management Jeanne M. VanBriesen, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Carnegie Mellon University Geological/Geotechnical Farshid Vahedifard, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Mississippi State University Environmental/Regulatory/Public Policy Xiong Yu, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Case Western Reserve University Supportive Infrastructure/Technology Cesar Quiroga, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Texas A&M Transportation Institute Local Committee Chair Nathaniel S. Hayes, P.E., M.ASCE, The Gateway Engineers Sponsorship/Exhibits Committee Kenneth E. Hill, P.E., M.ASCE, ALL Consulting Ryan L. Hayes, Gateway Engineers Student Activities Committee Kyle Bibby, Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh Xiong Yu, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Case Western Reserve University REVIEW BOARD James Anspach Melody Matter Kenneth Bell Christopher Meehan Kyle Bibby Mais Nijim Steven Bloser Cesar Quiroga Timothy Brett James Sassin Lindsey Bryson Jeff Schubert Andrew Bunger Gregory Scott Lucy Mar Camacho John Sheehan Rick Chalaturnyk Less Shephard Lee Clapp Jonathan Shimko Brian Ellis Kristin Smith Khalid Farrag Farshid Vahedifard Victor Kaliakin Luis Vallejo Olya Keen Julie Vandenbossche Lawrence (Larry) Lennon Megan Walsh Hua Li Rich Williams Paul Mathisen Xiong Yu REVIEWERS Jorge Abad Kelvin Gregory Peter Phillips James Anspach Yuan Guo Chris Proulx Dan Arthur Chanjuan Han Brian Rahm Kenneth Bell Jianying Hu Joris Remmers Kyle Bibby Jim Huebler Elizabeth Rowan Paul Bizier Tom Iseley Michael Sadowsky Steven Bloser Victor Kaliakin Iraj Salehi Mehmet Boz Bill Kappel Jeff Schubert Michael Borden Jeffrey Keaton Gregory Scott Susan Brantley Olya Keen John Sheehan Andrew Bunger Carl Kirby Les Shephard Elizabeth Casman Eric Koglin Jonathan Shimko Eric Cavazza Hillary Kronebusch Stanley States Matthew Cavazza Hua Li Ray Sterling Rick Chalaturnyk Yang Li Heiner Strathmann Amy Childress Karl Linden Farshid Vahedifard Jordan Ciezobka Debotyam Maity Jeanne VanBriesen Lee Clapp Paul Mathisen Avner Vengosh Aimee Curtright Meagan Mauter Radisav Vidic Melih Demirkan Christopher Meehan Megan Walsh Elizabeth Eide Philip Meis Yuxin Wang Brian Ellis Douglas Melton Rich Williams Mostafa Elshahed Austin Mitchell Jessica Wilson Khalid Farrag Kimia Mortezaei Dave Yoxtheimer Ali Fatehi Jean-Philippe Nicot Xiong Yu Quan Gao Mais Nijim Mark Zoback Daniel Giammar Kent Perry Contents Water Resources Management in Shale Oil and Gas Development Water Resources and Groundwater Issues in Shale Development Modeling of Land Movement due to Groundwater Pumping from an Aquifer System with Stress-Dependent Storage ................................................................................. 1 D. H. Kang, H. J. Lee, and J. Li Baseline Water Quality Monitoring Prior to Hydraulic Fracturing to Promote Scientifically-Based Transparency ........................................................................................ 11 George Mathes, Carly Sowecke, Cherrie Nelson, Marjorie Bedessem, and Dan Hruska Feasibility of Using Brackish Groundwater Desalination Concentrate as Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid in the Eagle Ford Shale ......................................................... 23 Nima Ghahremani and Lee Clapp Produced Water Management and Treatment Technologies Evolution of Best Management Practices and Water Treatment in High-Volume Hydraulic Fracturing Operations ........................................................................................ 33 J. Daniel Arthur, Brian Bohm, and Damian Zampogna Recycling of Produced and Flowback Water in Oil and Gas Drilling Operations through Hydraulic Fracturing in Texas .............................................................................. 45 Mehmet A. Boz Review of Flowback and Produced Water Management, Treatment, and Beneficial Use for Major Shale Gas Development Basins ................................................................... 53 Guanyu Ma, Mengistu Geza, and Pei Xu Characterization of Waste Waters from Hydraulic Fracturing ........................................ 63 Paul F. Ziemkiewicz, Yongtian He, and John D. Quaranta Electrodialysis Treatment of Flow-Back Water for Environmental Protection in Shale Gas Development ........................................................................................................ 74 Maria Peraki and Ehsan Ghazanfari Conversion of Marcellus Production Wastewater into Salable Products ......................... 85 Timothy Keister Environmental Issues in Produced Water Disposal Regulation of TDS and Chloride from Oil and Gas Wastewater in Pennsylvania .......... 95 Eric H. Chase Management of Produced Water in Pennsylvania: 2010–2012 ....................................... 107 Jeanne M. Van Briesen, Jessica M. Wilson, and Yuxin Wang Evaluating Leachability of Residual Solids from Hydraulic Fracturing in the Marcellus Shale .................................................................................................................... 114 Stephanie Countess, Gregory Boardman, Richard Hammack, Alexandra Hakala, Shekar Sharma, and Jeffrey Parks Geological and Geotechnical Aspects of Shale Oil and Gas Well Development Geotechnical Aspects of Shale Oil and Gas The Role of Shallow Surface Investigations in Appalachian Shale Energy Development ........................................................................................................................ 121 John T. Henning and Steven Ladavat Geomechanical Characterization of Shale Formations for Sustainable Production ..... 133 Rafael Villamor Lora and Ehsan Ghazanfari Comminution of Solids Due to Kinetic Energy of High Shear Strain Rate: Implications for Shock and Shale Fracturing ................................................................... 144 Zdenĕk P. Bažant and Ferhun C. Caner Guided Ultrasonic Waves for the Nondestructive Evaluation Imaging of Pipes ........... 151 Piervincenzo Rizzo, Abdollah Bagheri, and Kaiyuan Li Mechanical Behaviors of an Anisotropic Shale Rock ....................................................... 159 Q. Gao, J. L. Tao, J. Y. Hu, and X. Yu Shale Fracturing for Energy Recovery: Current Issues and Review of Available Analytical and Computational Models .............................................................................. 168 Giuseppe Buscarnera, Gianluca Cusatis, Aleksander Zubelewicz, and Zdenĕk P. Bažant Particle Stacking Model to Simulate Sedimentary Rock Microcracks .......................... 180 Sangho Lee Geomechanics and Numerical Simulation of Hydraulic Fracturing Fracture Mechanics Evaluation of Parameters Associated with Horizontal Hydrofracturing .................................................................................................................. 191 Luis E. Vallejo and Jason Shamrock Numerical Simulation of Simultaneous Growth of Multiple Interacting Hydraulic Fractures from Horizontal Wells ....................................................................................... 201 Andrew P. Bunger and Anthony P. Peirce Subcritical Crack Propagation Enhanced by Chemical Injection ................................... 211 M. M. Hu and T. Hueckel Numerical Analysis on Deformation Behavior of Expandable Casing and Contact Evaluation of Its Threaded Connection ............................................................................ 219 Xinpu Shen and Guoyang Shen Hydro-Mechanical Coupled Model of Hydraulic Fractures Using the eXtended Finite Element Method ....................................................................................................... 230 D. J. Youn and D. V. Griffiths
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