Table Of Content

The Society of Fire Protection Engineers Series SFPE Guide to Fire Risk Assessment 2nd edition The Society of Fire Protection Engineers Series Series Editor Chris Jelenewicz Society of Fire Protection Engineers Gaithersburg, MD, USA The Society of Fire Protection Engineers Series provides rapid dissemination of the most recent and advanced work in fire protection engineering, fire science, and the social/human dimensions of fire. The Series publishes outstanding, high-level research monographs, professional volumes, contributed collections, and textbooks. Society of Fire Protection Engineers SFPE Guide to Fire Risk Assessment SFPE Task Group on Fire Risk Assessment Society of Fire Protection Engineers Gaithersburg, MD, USA ISSN 2731-3638 ISSN 2731-3646 (electronic) The Society of Fire Protection Engineers Series ISBN 978-3-031-17699-9 ISBN 978-3-031-17700-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17700-2 © The Society of Fire Protection Engineers 2023 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland SFPE Task Group on Fire Risk Assessment CHAIR Francisco Joglar, PE, PhD Jensen Hughes Vice-Chair Victor Ontiveros, PhD Jensen Hughes MEMBERS Name Employer Brian Ashe ABCB Greg Baker, PhD, CPEng, Fire Research Group Ltd FIEAust Jason Butler, PE Encompassed Engineering, LLC David Charters, PhD, CEng Risktec Albert Condello AC Fire & Safety Consultants LLC Luca Fiorentini TECSA Kevin Frank, PhD BRANZ, Ltd Håkan Frantzich, PhD, FSFPE Lund University Ashley Lindeman Electric Power Institute Vladimír Mózer, PhD Czech Technical University in Prague Tod Ossmann, PE, FSFPE Willis Towers Watson Rob Plonski, PE US Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration Stephanie Poole, PE Poole Fire Protection Ai Sekizawa, PhD, FSFPE Tokyo University of Science John Utstrand COWI Armin Wolski, PhD, FSFPE Reax Engineering v vi SFPE Task Group on Fire Risk Assessment STAFF Chris Jelenewicz, PE, FSFPE SFPE Acknowledgments The SFPE Task Group on Fire Risk Assessment would like to thank the following individuals for their assistance in developing this guide: Austin Guerrazzi, SFPE, Daniel Morassutti, SFPE and Madison West, SFPE. vii Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 Risk, Fire Risk, and Fire Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1 The Concept of the Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2 Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.3 Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.4 Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.5 Interpretation of the Risk Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3 Overview of the Fire Risk Assessment Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.1 Project Scope and Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.2 Design Information and Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.3 Risk Assessment Method Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.4 Acceptance or Tolerance Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.5 Fire Hazards Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.6 Fire Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.7 Frequency Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.8 Consequence Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.9 Risk Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.10 S ensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.11 R isk Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.12 R isk Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.13 F inal Design Option Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.14 D ocumentation and Risk Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.15 R esidual Risk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.16 F ire Safety Management and Risk Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ix x Contents 4 Project Scope and Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.1.1 Physical Location and Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.1.2 Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.1.3 Fire Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.1.4 Occupancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.1.5 Stakeholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.1.6 Regulatory Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.2 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.3 Example: Project Scope and Objectives Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 5 Design Information and Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 5.1 Facility Documentation and Drawings: Non-fire Protection . . . . . . 23 5.2 Regulatory Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 5.3 Occupancy Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 5.4 Process Documentation and Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.5 Fire Protection Documentation and Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.6 Fire Hazard Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 5.7 Example: Design Specification and Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 6 Risk Assessment Method Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 7 Acceptance or Tolerance Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 7.1 Stakeholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 7.2 Tolerance and Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 7.3 Establishing Risk Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 7.4 Tolerability and Acceptability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 7.5 Risk Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 7.6 The Risk Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 7.7 Risk Matrix Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 7.8 F-N Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 8 Fire Hazard Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 8.1 Hazard Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 8.1.1 Hazard Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 8.1.2 Hazard Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 8.2 Tools and Techniques for Hazard Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 8.3 Fire Hazards Within a Fire Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 8.4 Example: Hazard Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 9 Fire Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 9.1 Identification and Characterization of Fire Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . 53 9.2 Scenario Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 9.3 Example: Fire Scenario Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

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The Society of Fire Protection Engineers Series SFPE Guide to Fire Risk Assessment 2nd edition The Society of Fire Protection Engineers Series Series Editor Chris Jelenewicz Society of Fire Protection Engineers Gaithersburg, MD, USA The Society of Fire Protection Engineers Series provides rapid dissemination of the most recent and advanced work in fire protection engineering, fire science, and the social/human dimensions of fire. The Series publishes outstanding, high-level research monographs, professional volumes, contributed collections, and textbooks. Society of Fire Protection Engineers SFPE Guide to Fire Risk Assessment SFPE Task Group on Fire Risk Assessment Society of Fire Protection Engineers Gaithersburg, MD, USA ISSN 2731-3638 ISSN 2731-3646 (electronic) The Society of Fire Protection Engineers Series ISBN 978-3-031-17699-9 ISBN 978-3-031-17700-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17700-2 © The Society of Fire Protection Engineers 2023 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland SFPE Task Group on Fire Risk Assessment CHAIR Francisco Joglar, PE, PhD Jensen Hughes Vice-Chair Victor Ontiveros, PhD Jensen Hughes MEMBERS Name Employer Brian Ashe ABCB Greg Baker, PhD, CPEng, Fire Research Group Ltd FIEAust Jason Butler, PE Encompassed Engineering, LLC David Charters, PhD, CEng Risktec Albert Condello AC Fire & Safety Consultants LLC Luca Fiorentini TECSA Kevin Frank, PhD BRANZ, Ltd Håkan Frantzich, PhD, FSFPE Lund University Ashley Lindeman Electric Power Institute Vladimír Mózer, PhD Czech Technical University in Prague Tod Ossmann, PE, FSFPE Willis Towers Watson Rob Plonski, PE US Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration Stephanie Poole, PE Poole Fire Protection Ai Sekizawa, PhD, FSFPE Tokyo University of Science John Utstrand COWI Armin Wolski, PhD, FSFPE Reax Engineering v vi SFPE Task Group on Fire Risk Assessment STAFF Chris Jelenewicz, PE, FSFPE SFPE Acknowledgments The SFPE Task Group on Fire Risk Assessment would like to thank the following individuals for their assistance in developing this guide: Austin Guerrazzi, SFPE, Daniel Morassutti, SFPE and Madison West, SFPE. vii Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 Risk, Fire Risk, and Fire Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1 The Concept of the Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2 Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.3 Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.4 Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.5 Interpretation of the Risk Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3 Overview of the Fire Risk Assessment Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.1 Project Scope and Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.2 Design Information and Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.3 Risk Assessment Method Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.4 Acceptance or Tolerance Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.5 Fire Hazards Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.6 Fire Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.7 Frequency Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.8 Consequence Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.9 Risk Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.10 S ensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.11 R isk Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.12 R isk Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.13 F inal Design Option Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.14 D ocumentation and Risk Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.15 R esidual Risk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.16 F ire Safety Management and Risk Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ix x Contents 4 Project Scope and Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.1.1 Physical Location and Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.1.2 Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.1.3 Fire Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.1.4 Occupancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.1.5 Stakeholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.1.6 Regulatory Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.2 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.3 Example: Project Scope and Objectives Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 5 Design Information and Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 5.1 Facility Documentation and Drawings: Non-fire Protection . . . . . . 23 5.2 Regulatory Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 5.3 Occupancy Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 5.4 Process Documentation and Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.5 Fire Protection Documentation and Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.6 Fire Hazard Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 5.7 Example: Design Specification and Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 6 Risk Assessment Method Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 7 Acceptance or Tolerance Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 7.1 Stakeholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 7.2 Tolerance and Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 7.3 Establishing Risk Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 7.4 Tolerability and Acceptability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 7.5 Risk Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 7.6 The Risk Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 7.7 Risk Matrix Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 7.8 F-N Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 8 Fire Hazard Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 8.1 Hazard Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 8.1.1 Hazard Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 8.1.2 Hazard Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 8.2 Tools and Techniques for Hazard Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 8.3 Fire Hazards Within a Fire Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 8.4 Example: Hazard Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 9 Fire Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 9.1 Identification and Characterization of Fire Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . 53 9.2 Scenario Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 9.3 Example: Fire Scenario Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

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