Seymour/Carraher's Polymer Chemistry, Seventh Edition PDF
Preview Seymour/Carraher's Polymer Chemistry, Seventh Edition
Seymour/Carraher’s Polymer Chemistry Seventh Edition (cid:2)2006byTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLC. (cid:2)2006byTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLC. Seymour/Carraher’s Polymer Chemistry Seventh Edition Charles E. Carraher, Jr. Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A. (cid:2)2006byTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLC. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 1-4200-5102-4 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-5102-5 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any informa- tion storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For orga- nizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Carraher, Charles E. Seymour/Carraher’s polymer chemistry. -- Seventh edition / by Charles E. Carraher, Jr. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-4200-5102-5 ISBN-10: 1-4200-5102-4 1. Polymers. 2. Polymerization. I. Seymour, Raymond Benedict, 1912- II. Title. III. Title: Polymer chemistry. QD381.S483 2007 547’.7--dc22 2007002479 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com (cid:2)2006byTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLC. Foreword Polymerscienceandtechnologyhavedevelopedtremendouslyoverthelastfewdecades,and theproductionofpolymersandplasticsproductshasincreasedataremarkablepace.Bythe end of 2000, nearly 200 million tons per year of plastic materials were produced worldwide (about 2% of the wood used, and nearly 5% of the oil harvested) to fulfill the ever-growing needs of the plastic age; in the industrialized world plastic materials are used at a rate of nearly100kgperpersonperyear.Plasticmaterialswithover$250billionperyearcontribute about4%tothegrossdomesticproductintheUnitedStates.Plasticshavenocounterpartin other materialsin terms ofweight, ease offabrication,efficientutilization, and economics. It is no wonder that the demand and the need for teaching in polymer science and technology have increased rapidly. To teach polymer science, a readable and up-to-date introductorytextbookisrequiredthatcoverstheentirefieldofpolymerscience,engineering, technology,andthecommercialaspectofthefield.ThisgoalhasbeenachievedinCarraher’s textbook. It is eminently useful for teaching polymer science in departments of chemistry, chemical engineering, and material science, and also for teaching polymer science and technology in polymer science institutes, which concentrate entirely on the science and technologies ofpolymers. This seventh edition addresses the important subject of polymer science and technology, with emphasis on making it understandable to students. The book is ideally suited not only for graduate courses but also for an undergraduate curriculum. It has not become more voluminous simply by the addition of information—in each edition less important subjects have been removed and more important issuesintroduced. Polymer science and technology is not only a fundamental science but also important from the industrial and commercial point of view. The author has interwoven discussion of these subjects with the basics in polymer science and technology. Testimony to the high acceptanceofthisbookisthatearlydemandrequiredreprintingandupdatingofeachofthe previous editions. We seethe resultin this new significantly changed and improved edition. Otto Vogl Herman F. Mark Professor Emeritus Departmentof PolymerScience and Engineering Universityof Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts (cid:2)2006byTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLC. (cid:2)2006byTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLC. Preface As with most science, and chemistry in particular, there is an explosive broadening and importance of the application of foundational principles of polymers. This broadening is seen in ever-increasing vistas allowing the promotion of our increasingly technologically dependent society and solutions to society’s most important problems in areas such as the environment and medicine. Some of this broadening is the result of extended understanding and application of already known principles but also includes the development of basic principles and materials known to us hardly a decade ago. Most of the advancements in communication,computers,medicine,airandwaterpurityarelinkedtomacromoleculesand a fundamental understanding of the principles that govern their behavior. Much of this revolutionisofafundamentalnatureandisexploredinthisseventhedition.Thetextcontains thesebasicprinciplesandalsotouchesontheirapplicationtoreal-lifesituations.Technology is the application of scientific principles. In polymers there is little if any division between science and technology. Polymersarefoundintheorganicnaturalworldasthebuildingblocksforlifeitself.They are also found as inorganic building blocks that allow construction of homes, skyscrapers, androads.Syntheticpolymersserveasbasicbuildingblocksofsocietynowandinthefuture. This text includes all three of these critical segmentsof polymeric materials. Abasicunderstandingofpolymersisessentialtothetrainingoftoday’sscience,biomed- ical, and engineering students. Polymer Chemistry complies with the American Chemical Society’s Committee on Professional Training old and revised guidelines as an advanced or in-depth course. It naturally integrates and interweaves the important core areas since polymers are critical to all of the core areas, which in turn contribute to the growth of polymerscience.Mostofthefundamentalprinciplesofpolymersextendandenhancesimilar principlesfoundthroughouttheundergraduateandgraduatetrainingofstudents.Thisallows students to integrate their chemical knowledge illustrating the connection between funda- mental and applied chemical information. Thus, along with the theoretical information, application is integrated as an essential part of the information. As in other areas such as business and medicine, short case studiesare integrated as historical material. While this text is primarily written as an introductory graduate-level text, it can also be usedasanundergraduatetext,orasanintroductoryundergraduate–graduatetext.Thetopics arearrangedsothattheorderandinclusionorexclusionofchaptersorpartsofchapterswill still allow students an adequate understanding of the science of polymers. Most of the chapters begin with the theory followed by application. The most important topics are generally at the beginning of the chapter followed by important, but less critical, sections. Some may choose to study the synthesis-intense chapters first, others the analytical= analysis=properties chapters, and yet others to simply read the chapters as they appear in thebook.Alloftheelementsofanintroductorytextwithsynthesis,property,applicationand characterization are present, allowing this to be the only polymer course taken by an individualor the first in a series ofpolymer-related courses taken by thestudent. This edition continues in the ‘‘user-friendly’’ mode with special sections in each chapter containing definitions, learning objectives, questions, and further reading. Application and theory are integrated so that they reinforce one another. There is a continued emphasis on pictorializing,reinforcing,interweaving,andintegratingbasicconcepts.Theinitialchapteris short, allowing students to become acclimated. Other chapters can be covered in about a (cid:2)2006byTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLC. week’stimeorless.Wherepossible,difficulttopicsaredistributedandreinforcedoverseveral topics. The basic principles that apply to synthetic polymers apply equally to inorganic and biologicalpolymersandarepresentineachofthechapterscoveringtheseimportantpolymer groupings. The updating of analytical, physical, and special characterization techniques continues. The chapter on biological polymers has been expanded so that it is now two chapters. The chapter on organometallic and inorganic polymers has likewise been greatly upgraded. An additionalchaptercoveringtheimportantareaofcompositeshasbeenadded.Topicssuchas blends, multiviscosity oils, cross-linking, microfibers, protein folding, protein site identifica- tion, aerogels, carbon nanotubes, breakage of polymer chains, permeability and diffusion, mass spectroscopy, polyethers and epoxies, synthetic rubbers, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyacrylonitrile, and polyurethanes have been added or greatly enhanced. A number of new selected topics have been added including nonlinear optical behavior, photo physics, drug design and activity, flame retardants, textiles, water-soluble polymers, hydrogels, and anaerobicadhesives.Theemphasisonthemolecularbehaviorofmaterialshasbeenexpanded ashasbeentheemphasisonnanotechnologyandnanomaterials.Thepracticeofincludinga numberofappendiceshascontinued,includinganenlargementofthetradenamesappendix. (cid:2)2006byTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLC. Acknowledgments The author gratefully acknowledges the contributions and assistance of the following in preparing this text: John Droske, Charles Pittman, Edward Kresge, Gerry Kirshenbaum, SukumarMaiti,AlanMacDiarmid,LesSperling,EckhardHellmuth,MikeJaffe,OttoVogl, Thomas Miranda, Murry Morello, and Graham Allan; and a number of our children who assisted in giving suggestions for the text: Charles Carraher III, Shawn Carraher, Colleen Carraher-Schwarz,ErinCarraher,andCaraCarraher—toErinfordiscussionsonmaterials, Caraforherhelpwiththebiomedicalmaterial,andShawnforhishelpinrelatingthebusiness andindustrialaspects.SpecialthankstoGerryKirshenbaumforhiskindpermissiontoutilize portionsofmyarticlesthatappearedinPolymerNews.Thisbookcouldnothavebeenwritten except for those who have gone before us, especially Raymond Seymour, Herman Mark, CharlesGebelein, Paul Flory, andLinusPauling; all ofthese friendsshepherded and helped me. My thanksto them. I thank Girish Barot, Amitabh Battin, and Randy Doucette, for their assistance in proofing. I also thank my wife Mary Carraher for her help in proofing and allowing this edition to be written. (cid:2)2006byTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLC.
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