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Seymour Carraher's Polymer Chemistry, 6th Edition (Undergraduate Chemistry, 16) (Undergraduate Chemistry Series) PDF

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Preview Seymour Carraher's Polymer Chemistry, 6th Edition (Undergraduate Chemistry, 16) (Undergraduate Chemistry Series)

Sepour/Carraher's Polymer Chemistry Sixth Edition Revised and Expanded Charles E. Carraher, Jr. College of Science Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, and Florida Center for Environmental Studies Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, U.S.A. MARCEL DEKKER, INC. NEW YORK • BASEL This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library,2005. “To purchaseyourown copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. ISBN 0-203-91130-X Mastere-bookISBN ISBN:0–8247–0806–7 (Print Edition) Headquarters MarcelDekker,Inc. 270MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016 tel:212–696–9000;fax:212–685–4540 EasternHemisphereDistribution MarcelDekkerAG Hutgasse4,Postfach812,CH-4001Basel,Switzerland tel:41–61–260–6300;fax:4 1–61–260–6333 WorldWideWeb http://www.dekker.com Thepublisheroffersdiscountsonthisbookwhenorderedinbulkquantities.Formoreinformation, writetoSpecialSales/ProfessionalMarketingattheheadquartersaddressabove. Copyright©2003byMarcelDekker,Inc.AllRightsReserved. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,microfilming,andrecording,orbyanyinforma- tionstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher. UNDERGRADUATE CHEMISTRY A Series of Textbooks Edited by J. J. LAGOWSKI Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at Austin 1. Modern Inorganic Chemistry, J. J. Lagowski 2. Modern Chemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Harold F. Walton and Jorge Reyes 3. Problems in Chemistry, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Henry O. Daley, Jr., and Robert F. O'Malley 4 Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Paul C. Hiemenz 5. Principles of Solution and Solubility, Kozo Shinoda, translated in collaboration with Paul Becher 6. Physical Chemistry: A Step-by-Step Approach, M. K. Kemp 7. Numerical Methods in Chemistry, K. Jeffrey Johnson 8. Polymer Chemistry An Introduction, Raymond B. Seymour and Charles E. Carraher, Jr 9. Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Paul C. Hiemenz 10. Problems in Chemistry, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Henry O. Daley, Jr, and Robert F. O'Malley 11. Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction, Second Edition, Raymond B. Seymour and Charles E. Carraher, Jr 12. Polymer Chemistry. An Introduction, Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, Raymond B. Seymour and Charles E. Carraher, Jr. 13. Seymour/Carraher's Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction, Fourth Edition, Revised and Expanded, Charles E. Carraher, Jr. 14. Seymour/Carraher's Polymer Chemistry: Fifth Edition, Revised and Expanded, Charles E. Carraher, Jr. 15. Principles of Thermodynamics, Myron Kaufman 16. Seymour/Carraher's Polymer Chemistry: Sixth Edition, Revised and Expanded, Charles E Carraher, Jr. Additional Volumes in Preparation To Raymond Seymour—educator, scientist, pioneer, prophet, historian, family man, and friend—we miss you Foreword Polymer science and technology has developed tremendously over the last few decades, andtheproductionofpolymersandplasticsproductshasincreasedataremarkablepace. By the end of 2000, nearly 200 million tons per year of plastic materials were produced worldwide(about2%ofthewoodused,andnearly5%oftheoilharvested)tofulfillthe ever-growing needs of the plastic age; in the industrialized world plastic materials are usedatarateofnearly100kgperpersonperyear.Plasticmaterialswithover$250billion dollars per year contribute about 4% to the gross domestic product in the United States. Plastics have no counterpart in other materials in terms of weight, ease of fabrication, efficient utilization, and economics. It is no wonder that the demand and the need for teaching in polymer science and technology have increased rapidly. To teach polymer science, a readable and up-to-date introductorytextbookisrequiredthatcoverstheentirefieldofpolymerscience,engineer- ing, technology, and the commercial aspect of the field. This goal has been achieved in Carraher’s textbook. It is eminently useful for teaching polymer science in departments of chemistry, chemical engineering, and material science, and also for teaching polymer science and technology in polymer science institutes, which concentrate entirely on the science and technologies of polymers. Thissixtheditionaddressestheimportantsubjectofpolymerscienceandtechnology, with emphasis on making it understandable to students. The book is ideally suited not only for graduate courses but also for an undergraduate curriculum. It has not become more voluminous simply by the addition of information—in each edition less important subjects have been removed and more important issues introduced. Polymerscienceandtechnologyisnotonlyafundamentalsciencebutalsoimportant from the industrial andcommercial point of view. The authorhas interwoven discussion of these subjects with the basics in polymer science and technology. Testimony to the highacceptanceofthisbookisthatearlydemandrequiredreprintingandupdatingofeach v vi Foreword ofthepreviouseditions.Weseetheresultinthisnewsignificantlychangedandimproved edition. Otto Vogl Herman F. Mark Professor Emeritus Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts Preface An explosive scientific and technological revolution is underway and at its center are polymers.Thisrevolutionistheresultofanumberoffactorsthatcomplementoneanother. These factors include a better understanding of the science of materials and availability of new and refined materials, synthetic techniques, and analytical tools. Much of this revolution is of a fundamental nature and it is explored in the latest edition of this text. These advances are often based on new and extended understanding and application of basicprinciplesinitiallypresentedinthecorechemistrycourses(organic,physical,inor- ganic, analytical, and biological). PolymerChemistrycomplieswiththeadvancedcoursedefinitiongivenbytheAmer- ican Chemical Society Committee on Professional Training, building on the foundations laid in general, organic, ph ysical, analytical/instrumentation, and inorganic chemistry. It also includes all the major and optional topics recommended in the syllabus adopted by the joint polymer education committee ofthe American Chemical Society (Appendix D: Syllabus). The text integrates and interweaves the important core topic areas. The core topicsareinterrelatedwithinformationthatfocusesonpolymertopics.Thisassistsstudents inintegratingtheirchemicalknowledgeandillustratestheconnectionbetweentheoretical and applied chemical information. Also, industrial practices and testing procedures and results are integrated with the theoretical treatment of the various topics, allowing the reader to bridge the gap between industrial practice and the classroom. It is written so thatchapterscanbetakenoutoforderandnotallthechaptersneedtobecoveredtogain an adequate appreciation of the science of polymers. Many of the chapters begin with theory, followed by application. Some readers will elect to read the more descriptive chapters dealing with polymer types before looking at the analytical/analysis/properties chapters. This book is user friendly—it is appropriate as an advanced undergraduate text or an introductory-level graduate-level course text. It can serve as the text for the initial vii viii Preface courseinaseriestakenbyastudent,oritcanbethelonepolymertextreadbyastudent inthestudyofpolymers.Studentsofchemistry,materials,engineering,medicine,biochem- istry, physics, and geology will benefit from an understanding of the material found in this text. The application and theory of polymers continues to expand. This new edition re- flects this growth and the continually expanding role of polymers. There is an increased emphasison pictorializing,reinforcing,integrating, andinterweavingthe basicconcepts. Thefirstchapterisshorterinordertoallowtimeforstudentorientation.However, the other chapters should not require more than a week’s time each. Each chapter is essentiallyself-contained,buteachrelatestotheotherchapters.Wheneverpossible,diffi- cultconceptsaredistributedandreinforcedoverseveralchapters.Aglossary,biography, suggested questions (and answers), and learning objectives/summary are included at the end of each chapter. Applicationandtheoryareintegratedsothattheyreinforceoneanother.Thisistrue forallthevariousimportantandcriticaltypesofpolymersincludingsynthetic,biological, organometallic, and inorganic polymers. The principle that the basic concepts that apply to one grouping of polymers apply to all the other types of polymers is emphasized. Theupdatingofanalytical,physical,andspectralcharacterizationtechniquescontin- ues, including expanded coverage of the theory and results arising from atomic force microscopy and scanning probe microscopy. Special sections dealing with industrially important polymers are included, and the section dealing with soluble stereoregulating catalysis has been expanded. There is still an emphasis on naturally occurring polymers, and discussions of supercoiling, replication, and compacting are included. As before, the interplay between natural and synthetic polymers is emphasized. Anumberofmiscellaneoustopicshavebeendrawntogetherinonechapter,which includes sections on conductive polymers, smart materials, protomics, human genome, optical fibers, material selection charts, carbon nanotubes, and liquid crystals. Emphasis on nanotechnology and nanomaterials remains with added or expanded sectionsdealingwithzeolites,nanotubes,nanocomposites,molecularwires,dendrites,and selfassembly.Thechapteronpolymertechnologyandprocessinghasbeenrewrittenand expanded. The section listing Web sites has been updated. The nomenclature section has been enlarged, and a new appendix on the stereoge- ometry of polymers has been added. Additionalaidsandappendixesareincluded:howtostudy,nomenclature,over1500 tradenames,about400citationstoappropriateJournalofChemicalEducationandPoly- mer News articles, Web sites dealing with polymer topics, and over 100 structures of common polymers. Charles E. Carraher, Jr. Acknowledgments I gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Herman Mark of the Polytechnic Institute ofNewYork;CharlesL.McCormick,UniversityofSouthernMississippi;WilliamFeld, WrightStateUniversity;EliPearce,PolytechnicInstituteofNewYork;FredinardRodri- guez,CornellUniversity;andOttoVogl,UniversityofMassachusetts,fortheirreviewing, advising, and counseling efforts; and Charles Carraher III and Shawn Carraher for their help in proofing and indexing. Ialsothankthefollowingfortheirspecialcontributionstothebook:CharlesGebel- ein,LesSperling,AngloVolpe,StamIsrael,CarlWooten,RitaBlumstein,EckhardHell- muth,FrankMillich,NormanMiller,RudyDeanin,GuyDonaruma,LeoMandelkem,R. V. Subramanian, Charles Pittman, Brian Currell, C. Bamford, Roger Epton, Paul Flory, CharlesOverberger,Willia mBailey,JimO’Donnell,RobBurford,EdgarHardy,JohnH. Coates, Don Napper, Frank Harris, G. Allan Stahl, John Westerman, William A. Field, Nan-Loh Yang, Sheldon Clare, E. N. Ipiotis, D. H. Richards, G. Kirshenbaum, A. M. Sarquis,LonMathias,SukumarMaiti,S.Temin,YoshinobuNaoshima,EberhardNeuse, John Sheats, George Hess, David Emerson, Kenneth Bixgorin, Thomas Miranda, M. B. Hocking, Marsha Colbert, Joseph Lagowski, Dorothy Sterling, Amanda Murphy, John Kloss,QingmaoZhang,BhoominPandya,ErnestRandolph,AlbertoRivalta,andFengchen He. This book could not have been written without the long-time efforts of Professor Herman Mark, who was one of the fathers of polymer science. For the fourth edition, a special thanks for the assistance of Colleen Carraher. I acknowledge the kind permission of Gerry Kirshenbaum and Polymer News for allowing us to use portions of articles that have appeared in Polymer News. Finally, I thank Edward S. Wilks for his help with the section on “Chemical Ab- stracts–Based Polymer Nomenclature.” ix

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Introduction to Polymer Science. Polymer Structure (Morphology). Molecular Weight of Polymers. Testing and Spectrometric Characterization of Polymers. Rheology and Physical Tests. Step-Reaction Polymerization or Polycondensation Reactions. Ionic Chain-Reaction and Complex Co-ordinative Polymerizatio
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