Sexually transmitted diseases

2195 Pages·2008·43.109 MB·English

by  King K Holmes, et al

Sexually Transmitted
Diseases
KING K.HOLMES,MD,PhD
Director, Center for AIDS and STD; William H. Foege Chair, Department of Global Health,
University of Washington; Chief, Infectious Diseases,
Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
P.FREDERICK SPARLING,MD
Professor Emeritus of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Diseases,
Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine,
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
WALTER E.STAMM,MD
Professor of Medicine, Head, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,
University of Washington,
Seattle, Washington
PETER PIOT,MD,PhD
Executive Director, Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS,
Geneva, Switzerland
JUDITH N.WASSERHEIT,MD,MPH
Professor of Global Health and Medicine Vice Chair,
Department of Global Health Schools of Medicine and
Public Health & Community Medicine
University of Washington, Affiliate Investigator
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Seattle, Washington
LAWRENCE COREY,MD
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Program in Infectious Diseases,
Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
MYRON S.COHEN,MD
J. Herbert Bate Distinguished Professor, Medicine, Microbiology, Immunology, Public Health,
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine,
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
D.HEATHER WATTS,MD
Medical Officer, Pediatric, Adolescent, and Maternal AIDS Branch,
Center for Research on Mothers and Children,
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development/NIH,
Bethesda, Maryland
RONALD A.NELSON
Assistant Editor, Center for AIDS & STD,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Sexually Transmitted
Diseases
FOU RTH E DIT ION
EDITORS
KING K. HOLMES, MD, PhD
P. FREDERICK SPARLING, MD
WALTER E. STAMM, MD
PETER PIOT, MD, PhD
JUDITH N. WASSERHEIT, MD, MPH
LAWRENCE COREY, MD
MYRON S. COHEN, MD
D. HEATHER WATTS, MD
New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City
New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
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DOI: 10.1036/0071417486
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CONTENTS
CONTRIBUTORS ix PART 3 149
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW xvii PROFILES OF VULNERABLE POPULATIONS
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 Gender and Sexually
PART 1 1 Transmitted Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
HISTORY,SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT,AND Anne Buvé, Catherine Gourbin, and Marie Laga
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED C
11 Adolescents and STDs, Including O
INFECTIONS N
HIV Infection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 T
E
1 Historical Perspectives on Sexually Transmitted Stuart M. Berman and Jonathan M. Ellen NT
S
Diseases: Challenges for Prevention and Control . . 3
12 Female Sex Workers and Their Clients in
Laura J. McGough
the Epidemiology and Control of Sexually
2 An Economic Perspective on Sexually Transmitted Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Transmitted Infections Including HIV in James F. Blanchard and Stephen Moses
Developing Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
13 Homosexual and Bisexual Behavior in Men
Stefano M. Bertozzi and Marjorie Opuni
in Relation to STDs and HIV Infection . . . . . . 203
3 The Transmission Dynamics of Sexually
Kenneth H. Mayer and Alex Carballo-Diéguez
Transmitted Infections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
14 Lesbian Sexual Behavior in Relation to
Geoff P. Garnett
STDs and HIV Infection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
4 TheGlobalEpidemiologyonHIVandAIDS. . . . 41 Jeanne M. Marrazzo
Karen A. Stanecki and Hein Marais
15 HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted
5 The Epidemiology of STIs and Their Social Infections in Injection Drug Users and
and Behavioral Determinants: Industrialized Crack Cocaine Smokers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
and Developing Countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Don C. Des Jarlais and Salaam Semaan
Sevgi O. Aral and King K. Holmes
16 STDs, HIV/AIDS, and
Migrant Populations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
PART 2 93
Christopher Beyrer, Stefan David Baral, and
SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF Jonathan M. Zenilman
SEXUALITY
6 Social Dimensions of Adolescent Sexuality. . . . 95 PART 4 269
Katherine W.Stovel,DerekKreager,andMeganA.Moreno
HOST IMMUNITY AND MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS
7 Sexual Networks, Concurrency, and STD/HIV. . 109 AND STD
Martina Morris, Steven Goodreau, and James Moody
17 Genitourinary Immune Defense . . . . . . . . . . . 271
8 Sexual Partnership Effects on STIs/HIV
Deborah J. Anderson
Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Pamina M. Gorbach and King K. Holmes 18 Normal Genital Flora. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Sharon L. Hillier
9 Psychological Perspectives on Sexuality and
Sexually Transmissible Diseases and 19 Pathogenesis of Sexually Transmitted
HIV Infection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Viral and Bacterial Infections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Michael W. Ross Stanley M. Lemon and P. Frederick Sparling v
PART 5 321 38 Endemic Treponematoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
André Meheus and Francis J. Ndowa
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED VIRAL PATHOGENS
39 Chancroid and Haemophilus ducreyi . . . . . . . . . 689
20 The Biology of HIV, SIV, and Other
Stanley M. Spinola
Lentiviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Patrick R. Harrington and Ronald Swanstrom 40 Donovanosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
Nigel O’Farrell
21 Immunology and Pathogenesis of Human
Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. . . . . . . . . . 341 41 Genital Mycoplasmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
Susan Moir, Tae-Wook Chun, and Anthony S. Fauci Patricia A. Totten, David Taylor-Robinson, and
Jørgen Skov Jensen
22 Human T-cell Lymphotropic Viruses. . . . . . . . 359
William A. Blattner and Manhattan E. Charurat 42 Bacterial Vaginosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Sharon L. Hillier, Jeanne M. Marrazzo, and King K. Holmes
23 Biology of Herpesviruses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Peter E. Pertel and Patricia G. Spear
PART 7 769
24 Genital Herpes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED PROTOZOA,FUNGI,AND
Lawrence Corey and Anna Wald
ECTOPARASITES
25 Cytomegalovirus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
C Morgan Hakki and Adam P. Geballe 43 Trichomonas vaginalisand Trichomoniasis. . . . . 771
O Marcia M. Hobbs, Arlene C. Seña, Heidi Swygard,
NT 26 Epstein-Barr Virus Infection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 and Jane R. Schwebke
E
N John W. Sixbey
T 44 Intestinal Protozoa: Giardia lamblia,
S
27 The Biology of Genital Human Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium, and
Papillomaviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 New and Emerging Protozoal Infections. . . . . 795
Erin M. Egelkrout and Denise A. Galloway Cirle Alcantara Warren and Richard L. Guerrant
28 Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection. . . . . 489 45 Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823
Rachel L. Winer and Laura A. Koutsky Jack D. Sobel
29 Viral Hepatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 46 Pubic Lice and Scabies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
Stanley M. Lemon, Anna Lok, and Miriam J. Alter Peter A. Leone
30 Molluscum Contagiosum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
John M. Douglas, Jr. PART 8 853
OVERVIEW OF STD CARE MANAGEMENT
PART 6 553
47 STI Care Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED BACTERIAL PATHOGENS Caroline A. Ryan, Mary Kamb, and King K. Holmes
31 Biology of Chlamydia trachomatis . . . . . . . . . . . 555 48 Individual-level Risk Assessment for Sexually
Julius Schachter and Richard S. Stephens Transmitted Infections, Including HIV. . . . . . . 877
Ann E. Kurth and Freya Spielberg
32 Chlamydia trachomatisInfections
of the Adult . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 49 Anatomy and Physical Examination of
Walter E. Stamm the Female Genital Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903
Daniel O. Graney and Claire C. Yang
33 Lymphogranuloma Venereum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
50 Clinical Anatomy and Physical
Walter E. Stamm
Examination of the Male Genital Tract . . . . . . 917
34 Biology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae . . . . . . . . . . . . 607 John N. Krieger and Daniel O. Graney
P. Frederick Sparling
51 Principles of Treatment of Sexually
35 Gonococcal Infections in the Adult . . . . . . . . . 627 Transmitted Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929
Edward W. Hook, III and H. Hunter Handsfield H. Hunter Handsfield
36 Biology of Treponemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647 52 Principles of Laboratory Diagnosis of STIs . . . 937
Sheila A. Lukehart Jane Kuypers, Charlotte A. Gaydos, and Rosanna W. Peeling
37 Clinical Manifestations of Syphilis . . . . . . . . . 661 53 Individual, Couple, and Small-Group Interventions
P. Frederick Sparling, Morton N. Swartz, to Reduce HIV and STI Acquisition. . . . . . . . . 959
vi Daniel M. Musher, and Bernadine P. Healy Thomas J. Coates
54 Partner Notification for Sexually Transmitted 68 Sexually Transmitted Intestinal Syndromes. . 1277
Infections Including HIV Infection: An Anne M. Rompalo and Thomas C. Quinn
Evidence-Based Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965
Matthew R. Golden, Elisabeth Faxelid, and Nicola Low
PART 12 1309
CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF HIV INFECTION
PART 9 985
69 Counseling and Testing for HIV Infection. . . 1311
MANAGEMENT OF STD SYNDROMES IN WOMEN
Freya Spielberg and Ann E. Kurth
55 Lower Genital Tract Infection Syndromes
70 Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis of HIV-1 and
in Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987 Use of Viral RNA to Monitor Infection . . . . . 1329
King K. Holmes, Walter E. Stamm, and Jack D. Sobel
Robert W. Coombs
56 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017 71 Psychosocial Aspects of HIV Infection. . . . . . 1349
Jorma Paavonen, Lars Westrõm, and David Eschenbach
Carol E. Golin, Anna Scheyett, and Andrew H. Kaplan
57 Cervical Neoplasia and Other STD-Related 72 HIV Transmission Prevention in the
Genital Tract Neoplasias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051 Context of Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1363
Akhila Balasubramanian, Joel M. Palefsky, and
Samuel W. Dooley and Mark Thrun
Laura A. Koutsky
73 Antiviral Therapy of Human
58 Screening for Cervical Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075 Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. . . . . . . . . 1393 CO
Stephen E. Hawes and Nancy B. Kiviat N
Joseph J. Eron Jr. and Martin S. Hirsch T
E
N
74 Preventing Opportunistic Infections T
PART 10 1105 Among HIV-Infected Persons. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1423 S
MANAGEMENT OF STD SYNDROMES IN MEN Jonathan E. Kaplan and Henry Masur
59 Urethritis in Males. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1107 75 Clinical Management of HIV Infection:
Management of Opportunistic Infections . . . 1441
David H. Martin
Catherine F. Decker and Henry Masur
60 Epididymitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1127
76 AIDS-related Malignancies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1469
William M. Geisler and John N. Krieger
Patricia A. Cornett and Paul Volberding
61 Prostatitis Syndromes: Causes, Differential
77 Management of Neurological Disease in
Diagnosis, and Clinical Management. . . . . . . 1147
HIV-1 Infection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1477
John N. Krieger
Kevin Robertson and Colin Hall
PART 11 1175
PART 13 1491
MANAGEMENTOFDERMATOLOGICANDEXTRAGENITAL
STI/HIV IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND PEDIATRICS
MANIFESTATIONSOFSTDANDHIVINFECTION
78 Contraception, Contraceptive Technology,
62 Generalized Cutaneous Manifestations of STD
and STDs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1493
and HIV Infection: Typical Presentations,
Charles S. Morrison and Willard Cates, Jr.
Differential Diagnosis, and Management. . . . 1177
Roy Colven 79 Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Infertility . 1511
Harold C. Wiesenfeld and Willard Cates, Jr.
63 Genital Ulcer Adenopathy Syndrome . . . . . . 1199
80 Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections
Ronald C. Ballard
in Pregnancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1529
64 Genital Dermatoses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1209 Jane Hitti and D. Heather Watts
Rochelle R. Torgerson and Libby Edwards
81 Pregnancy and Viral Sexually
65 Ocular Infections Associated with Sexually Transmitted Infections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1563
Transmitted Diseases and HIV/AIDS. . . . . . . 1227 D. Heather Watts
William Lynn and Susan Lightman
82 Congenital Syphilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1577
66 Treatment of Chronic Viral Hepatitis. . . . . . . 1245 Taraneh Shafii, Justin D. Radolf, Pablo J. Sánchez,
Mark W. Russo and Ian Grimm Kenneth F. Schulz, and F. Kevin Murphy
67 Arthritis Associated with Sexually 83 Gonococcal and Chlamydial Infections in
Transmitted Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1259 Infants and Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1613
Peter A. Rice and H. Hunter Handsfield Stephan A. Kohlhoff and Margaret R. Hammerschlag vii
84 Herpesvirus Infections in Neonates and Children: 98 Monitoring and Evaluation of Prevention
Cytomegalovirus and Herpes Simplex Virus . 1629 and Control Programs for HIV/AIDS and
Russell D. Bradford, Richard J. Whitley, and Sergio Stagno Other STD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1895
J. Ties Boerma, Michel Caraël, and Bernhard Schwartländer
85 Pregnancy and Perinatal Transmission
of HIV Infection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1659 99 STD Vaccines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1913
Lynne M. Mofenson Michael L. Rekart and Robert C. Brunham
86 Pediatric HIV infection: Epidemiology, 100 HIV Vaccines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1937
Treatment and Complications in the Anne Duerr, Lawrence Corey, and Judith N. Wasserheit
United States and Internationally. . . . . . . . . . 1695
Mary Glenn Fowler, Edward Handelsman, and Mark F. Cotton
PART 15 1955
87 Child Sexual Abuse and STD and HIV Infection1713
SPECIAL ASPECTS OF STI/HIV PREVENTION AND
Amanda J. Thomas CONTROL IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
88 The Role of Primary Care Clinicians in STD,
101 Prevention and Control of STD and
HIV, and Hepatitis Prevention and Care . . . . 1727
HIV Infection in Developing Countries. . . . . 1957
Gale R. Burstein, Zsakeba Henderson, Nidhi Jain, and
GinaA.Dallabetta,TeodoaraElviraC.Wi,andGrahamNeilsen
Kathleen L. Irwin
102 Approach to the Management of
C PART 14 1751 HIV/AIDS in Developing Countries. . . . . . . . 1977
O
N Mauro Schechter and Robin Wood
T PREVENTIONANDCONTROLOFSTIANDHIVINFECTION
EN 103 Approach to management of STIs in
TS 89 Multilevel Approaches to STD Developing Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993
Epidemiology and Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . 1753 Bea Vuylsteke and Marie Laga
Sevgi O. Aral, Lisa E. Manhart, and King K. Holmes
104 The Laboratory in the Management of
90 STD/HIV Prevention Programs in STDs, HIV, and Opportunistic Infections
Developed Countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1767 in Developing Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2013
John M. Douglas, Jr. and Kevin A. Fenton Rosanna W. Peeling, David Mabey, Jimmy Whitworth,
91 Integration of HIV and STD Services. . . . . . . 1787 and Andrew Ramsay
Matthew R. Golden and Allan Ronald
PART 16 2027
92 STD-Related Health-Care SEEKING and
Health Service Delivery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1803 SPECIAL MEDICAL,LEGAL,AND SOCIAL ISSUES
Sevgi O. Aral, Matthew Hogben, and Judith N. Wasserheit 105 Sexual Assault and STD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2029
93 Condoms and Other Barrier Methods for Carole Jenny and Amy P. Goldberg
Prevention of STD/HIV Infection
106 Legal and Political Aspects of STI Prevention in the
and Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1821
United States: Public Duties and Private Rights2039
Markus J. Steiner, Lee Warner, Katherine M. Stone,
Edward P. Richards and Donald C. Bross
and Willard Cates Jr.
107 Ethical Challenges of the Global AIDS Epidemic2047
94 Topical Microbicides and Other Chemical
Barriers for the Prevention of STD/HIV Ronald Bayer
Infection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1831 108 Information and Communication
Zeda F. Rosenberg, Michael Gross, Sharon L. Hillier, Technologies for Prevention and Control
and Willard Cates, Jr. of HIV Infection and Other STIs . . . . . . . . . . 2057
95 Behavioral Interventions for Prevention of STDs Walter H. Curioso, Ann E. Kurth, Magaly M. Blas,
and HIV Infection at the Community Level. . 1849 and Jeffrey D. Klausner
Jeffrey A. Kelly, Kathleen J. Sikkema, and David R. Holtgrave APPENDIXES
96 Marketing, Communication, and Advocacy for A Clinically Significant Drug Interactions
Large-Scale STD/HIV Prevention and Control. 1857 with Medications for STDs and HIV. . . . . . . 2077
William A. Smith and Robert Hornik
Alice K. Pau
97 Innovations in Public Health Surveillance B Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment
for HIV/AIDS and Other STDs:
Guidelines, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2089
Guideposts for Prevention and Care . . . . . . . 1867
Kimberly A. Workowski and Stuart M. Berman
Patrick S. Sullivan, William C. Levine, Matthew T.
viii McKenna, and Hillard Weinstock INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2115