Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict

217 Pages·2008·1.05 MB·English

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MMEEGGAANN BBAASSTTIICCKK
KKAARRIINN GGRRIIMMMM
RRAAHHEELL KKUUNNZZ
Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict: Global Overview and Implications for the Security Sector
demonstrates the horrifying scope and magnitude of sexual violence in armed conflict. In its first part,
S V A C
EXUAL IOLENCE IN RMED ONFLICT
the Global Overview,the report profiles documented conflict-related sexual violence in 51 countries –
in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe and the Middle East - that have experienced armed conflict over
the past twenty years. The second part of the report, entitled Implications for the Security Sector,
explores strategies for security and justice actors to prevent and respond to sexual violence in armed
G l o b a l O v e r v i e w a n d I m p l i c a t i o n s
conflict and post-conflict situations.
f o r t h e S e c u r i t y S e c t o r
DCAF
Geneva Centre
ISBN 978-92-9222-059-4 Defmoro cthraetic
Control of
Armed Forces
(DCAF)
S V A C
EXUAL IOLENCE IN RMED ONFLICT
Global Overview and Implications
for the Security Sector
Megan Bastick
Karin Grimm
Rahel Kunz
DCAF
Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces
This report was prepared by Megan Bastick, Karin Grimm and Rahel Kunz, in consultation with Anja Ebnöther.
DCAF thanks the many people who contributed to the report by contributing information and commenting on drafts, in
particular the following:
Ancila Adrian-Paul; Augusta Angelucci of UNDP; Karen Barnes, International Alert; John Braithwaite at the National
University of Australia; Charli Carpenter of the University of Pittsburgh; Nicola Dahrendorf of DFID; Stephanie Delaney
of ECPAT; Kristin Eck, Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University; Doly Enriquez; Ana Maria Ferraz
de Campos of Catholic Relief Services, Karin Griese of medica mondiale; Patricia Guerrero, Founder of the Liga de Mujeres
Desplazadas; Nadine Jubb; Joanina Karugaba of UNHCR; Erin Kenny, Sabrina Montante& Luis Mora of UNFPA; Ben King
of Alliance DARC; Philippe Lafortune of the Canadian Department of National Defence; Lena Larsson of the Folke
Bernadotte Academy; Ann Livingstone of the Pearson Peacekeeping Centre; Jonas Loetscher & Kristin Valasek of DCAF;
Eirin Mobekk; Robyn Naylor of Isis-WICCE; OCHA/IRIN; Erin Patrick of Women’s Commission for Refugee Women &
Children; Refugees International; Ruth Rubio-Marín of the University of Sevilla; Jeanne Sarson & Linda MacDonald of
Persons Against Ritual Abuse-Torture; Brita Schawlann of the Norwegian Ministry of Defence & Erik Haugstad from the
Norwegian Armed Forces International Training Centre; Vepore Shehu of Medica Kosova; Yasmine Sherif of UNDP-BCPR;
Jolynn Shoemaker of WIIS; Jeanne Ward and Stephanie Ziebell of UNIFEM.
Special thanks also go to Anthony Drummond for editing assistance,to Guy Heirich for the cover design and layout, and to
SRO-Kundig for printing.
DCAF gratefully acknowledges the support of the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Norwegian Ministry of
Foreign Affairs for the production of this report.
Any inaccuracies are the sole responsibility of the authors. All website references were accessed between 19 and 31 July 2007.
Cover Picture: © Press Images Europe, Nick Danziger, 2001.
© Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, 2007.
Geneva, Switzerland
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission.
ISBN 978-92-9222-059-4
Printed by SRO Kundig
Chemin de l’Etang 49
Geneva, Switzerland
TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S
FOREWOR D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 EUROPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Azerbaijan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Bosnia and Herzegovina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Croatia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
TERMINOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Serbia (Kosovo). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
GLOBAL OVERVIEW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 MIDDLE EAST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Iraq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
AFRICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Israel and the Palestinian Territories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Algeria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Kuwait. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Angola. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Lebanon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Yemen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Burundi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Central African Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SECURITY SECTOR. . . 143
Chad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Côte d’Ivoire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 POLICING AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE. . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Democratic Republic of the Congo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Eritrea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 JUSTICE FOR SURVIVORS
Ethiopia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE
Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 IN ARMED CONFLICT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
PEACEKEEPERS AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN
Mozambique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
ARMED CONFLICT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Republic of the Congo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 ADDRESSING CONFLICT-RELATED SEXUAL
Sierra Leone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 VIOLENCE IN DDR PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Somalia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
South Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 CIVIL SOCIETY RESPONSES TO SEXUAL
Sudan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 VIOLENCE IN ARMED CONFLICT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Uganda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Zimbabwe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 RECOMMENDATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
THE AMERICAS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 BIBLIOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Colombia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
BOXES
El Salvador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Guatemala. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 1: Reform of the Nicaraguan police . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Haiti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 2: Post-conflict justice mechanisms in Sierra Leone. . 159
Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 3: Nepal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Peru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 4: “Reintegrative Shaming” in Bougainville . . . . . . . . 164
United States of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5: African Union firewood patrols in Darfur . . . . . . . . 170
6: Addressing sexual exploitation and abuse
ASIA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
in European Union peacekeeping missions . . . . . . . 176
Afghanistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 7: Definition of DDR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Burma / Myanmar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 8: Hakamas sing and dance for peace in their
Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 communities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
East Timor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 9: “Bush wives”: abducted women and girls . . . . . . . . 184
India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
10: DDR in Liberia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Indonesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
11: DDR and justice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Nepal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
PapuaNew Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 12: Women’s courts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Philippines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 13: Isis-WICCE in Uganda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Solomon Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 14: Colombia’s Liga de Mujeres Desplazadas
Sri Lanka. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 and Ciudad de Mujeres. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Tadjikistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 15: Challenging violent masculinities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

L I S T O F A C R O N Y M S
DDR Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration
DPKO United Nations Department for Peacekeeping Operations
DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo
HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus/Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee
ICC International Criminal Court
ICTR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
IDP Internally displaced person
MONUC United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo
NGO Non-governmental organisation
PRIO International Peace Research Institute, Oslo
RHRC Reproductive Health Response in Conflict
TRC Truth and Reconciliation Commission
UCDP Uppsala Conflict Data Program
UN United Nations
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNFPA United Nations Population Fund
UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women
UNMIL United Nations Mission in Liberia
WFP World Food Programme
WHO World Health Organization
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F O R E W O R D
Information about sexual violence perpetrated during disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration
armed conflict is scarce, scattered and selective. Policy programmes may be perpetrators or survivors of sexual
makers, donors and humanitarian groups consistently violence.
call for better documentation of sexual violence in
Regrettably, in debates around “security” and security
conflict. This Global Overview demonstrates the
sector governance and reform, sexual violence tends to
horrifying scope and magnitude of sexual violence in
be considered a marginal issue, a side-effect of
armed conflict. It brings to lightsexual violence in the
insecurity rather than a key form of insecurity in itself.
world’s underreported conflicts, as well as in those
It is very rarely the focus of specific initiatives within
countries where it is notoriously commonplace, and
the security sector. Not surprisingly, there is a lack of
highlights the shared and varying vulnerabilities of
information about good strategies within the security
specific popu lation groups within and between regions.
sector to prevent and respond to sexual violence in
The report also shows that sexual violence is not
armed conflict, and in post-conflict security sector
confined to African or European conflicts, or to conflicts
reform processes.
in developing or developed nations, but is a global
scourge. In 2005, DCAF published a major study, Women in an
Insecure World,bringing its expertise in security policy
Security sector institutions are key in preventing and
responding to sexual violence in armed conflict. Police and security sector governance to an examination of
services are responsible for identifying and arresting violence against women as a global phenomenon, and
perpetrators. The judiciary oversees the trial and punish - of the role of women in peace-building.1 DCAF has
ment of perpetrators, and may be responsible for since developed a programme on gender and security,
awarding reparations to the victims. In some conflicts, focusing both on security sector responses to gender-
peacekeepers are mandated to protect women and girls based violence, and the participation of women in
from sexual violence. Combatants enrolled in security processes and institutions.
7
This report, Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict: Global
Overview and Implications for the Security Sector, proposes
various ways in which the security and justice sectors
can improve or develop strategies to prevent and
respond to sexual violence in armed conflict and post-
conflict situations. It is a resource for security sector
agencies, as well as for policymakers and researchers,
civil society groups and humanitarian agencies that
work with affected populations and security agencies.
DCAF hopes that this report will challenge security
institutions to develop their own good practice
standards in responding to conflict-related sexual
violence.
Ambassador Theodor H. Winkler
Director
Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control
of Armed Forces (DCAF)
Endnotes
1 Vlachová, M. and Biason, L. eds. (2005) Women in an Insecure
World: Violence against women – facts, figures and analysis, DCAF,
Geneva.
8
E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y
This report, Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict: Global sites, and camps for refugees and displaced persons. It
Overview and Implications for the Security Sector, occurs at the height of armed conflict, during
demonstrates the horrifying scope and magnitude of population displacement, and continues after conflict.
sexual violence in armed conflict. The first part of the Although the majority of victims of sexual violence are
report, the Global Overview, profiles documented women and girls, men and boys are also targeted in
conflict-related sexual violence in 51 countries – in armed conflict. In many conflicts, indigenous people or
Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe and the Middle East people from specific population groups are targeted for
- that have experienced armed conflict over the past sexual violence based upon their ethnicity. Perpetrators
twenty years. The second part of the report, entitled of sexual violence in armed conflict include members
Implications for the Security Sector, explores strategies for of official armed and security forces, paramilitary
security and justice actors to prevent and respond to groups, non-state armed groups, humanitarian and
sexual violence in armed conflict and post-conflict peacekeeping personnel, and civilians.
situations.
Sexual violence during conflict is an act of domination,
grounded in a complex web of cultural precon -
Sexual Violence in Armed ceptions, in particular as regards gender roles. It is
Conflict: Global Overview used to torture and humiliate people, and to punish or
humiliate an enemy group or community. Sexual
The Global Overview highlights both similarities and
violence may be encouraged or tolerated within armed
differences in the forms and settings of sexual violence
groups. In some conflicts, it has been used
in conflict, in the profiles of the perpetrators and their
strategically to advance military objectives, such as the
victims, and in the motives for and the consequences of
clearing of a civilian population from an area.
such violence, between and within conflict-affected
countries and regions. Conflict-related sexual violence Sexual violence has grave health implications, both
occurs in homes, fields, places of detention, military physical and psychological, which can include infection
9