Sexual Violence Against Men in Global Politics PDF
Preview Sexual Violence Against Men in Global Politics
Sexual Violence Against Men in Global Politics Sexual violence against men is an under- theorised and under- noticed topic, though it is becoming increasingly apparent that this form of violence is wide- spread. Yet despite emerging evidence documenting its incidence, especially in conflict and post- conflict zones, efforts to understand its causes and develop strategies to reduce it are hampered by a dearth of theoretical engagement. One of the reasons that might explain its empirical invisibility and theoretical vacuity is its complicated relationship with sexual violence against women. The latter is evident empirically, theoretically, and politically, but the relationship between these violences conjures a range of complex and controversial questions about the ways they might be different, and why and how these differences matter. It is the case that sexual violence (when noticed at all) has historically been understood to happen largely, if not only, to women, allegedly because of their gender and their ensuing place in gender orders. This begs important questions regarding the impact of increasing knowledge about sexual violence against men, including the impact on resources, on understandings about, and experiences of masculinity, and whether the idea and practice of gender hierarchy is outdated. This book engages this diverse set of questions and offers fresh analysis on the incidences of sexual violence against men using both new and existing data. Additionally, the authors pay close attention to some of the controversial debates in the context of sexual violence against men, revisiting and asking new questions about the vexed issue of masculinities and related theories of gender hierarchy. The book will be of great interest to students and scholars of sex, gender, masculinities, corporeality, violence, and global politics, as well as to practition- ers and activists. Marysia Zalewski is Professor at Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom. Paula Drumond is Assistant Professor, Institute of International Relations at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (IRI/PUC-R io), Brazil. Elisabeth Prügl is Professor at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Maria Stern is Professor at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Interventions Edited by: Jenny Edkins Aberystwyth University and Nick Vaughan- Williams University of Warwick The Series provides a forum for innovative and interdisciplinary work that engages with alternative critical, post-s tructural, feminist, post- colonial, psycho- analytic and cultural approaches to international relations and global politics. In our first five years, we have published sixty volumes. We aim to advance understanding of the key areas in which scholars working within broad critical post- structural traditions have chosen to make their inter- ventions, and to present innovative analyses of important topics. Titles in the series engage with critical thinkers in philosophy, sociology, politics, and other disciplines and provide situated historical, empirical, and textual studies in inter- national politics. We are very happy to discuss your ideas at any stage of the project: just contact us for advice or proposal guidelines. Proposals should be submitted directly to the Series Editors: • Jenny Edkins ([email protected]) and • Nick Vaughan- Williams (N.Vaughan-W [email protected]). ‘As Michel Foucault has famously stated, “knowledge is not made for under- standing; it is made for cutting”. In this spirit The Edkins–Vaughan- Williams Interventions series solicits cutting edge, critical works that challenge main- stream understandings in international relations. It is the best place to contribute post- disciplinary works that think rather than merely recognize and affirm the world recycled in IR’s traditional geopolitical imaginary.’ Michael J. Shapiro, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, USA For a full list of available titles, please visit www.routledge.com/series/INT Writing the Self and Transforming Knowledge in International Relations Towards a Politics of Liminality Erzsébet Strausz Sexual Violence Against Men in Global Politics Edited by Marysia Zalewski, Paula Drumond, Elisabeth Prügl, and Maria Stern Sexual Violence Against Men in Global Politics Edited by Marysia Zalewski, Paula Drumond, Elisabeth Prügl, and Maria Stern First published 2018 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 selection and editorial matter, Marysia Zalewski, Paula Drumond, Elisabeth Prügl, and Maria Stern; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Marysia Zalewski, Paula Drumond, Elisabeth Prügl, and Maria Stern to be identified as the authors of the editorial matter, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-i n-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data Names: Zalewski, Marysia, editor. Title: Sexual violence against men in global politics / edited by Marysia Zalewski [and three others]. Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Interventions | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017060473| ISBN 9781138209909 (hardback) | ISBN 9781315456492 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Male rape–Political aspects. | Sex crimes–Political aspects. | Rape as a weapon of war. | War crimes. Classification: LCC HV6558 .S4975 2018 | DDC 364.15/320811–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017060473 ISBN: 978-1-138-20990-9 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-45649-2 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear Contents List of illustrations viii Notes on contributors ix Acknowledgements xv Introduction: sexual violence against men in global politics 1 MARySIA ZALEWSkI, PAULA DRUMoND, ELISABETH PRüGL, AND MARIA STERN ‘Tribulations’ 20 NZIZA HARoUNA D. NZISABIRA PART I Provocations 23 1 Provocations in debates about sexual violence against men 25 MARYSIA ZALEWSKI 2 Battle- induced urotrauma, sexual violence, and Amer ican servicemen 43 CHRIS HENDERSHOT 3 Masculinity, men, and sexual violence in the US military 57 ELIZABETH MESok 4 Languages of castration – male genital mutilation in conflict and its embedded messages 71 HENRI MYRTTINEN vi Contents 5 Medical approaches to sexual violence in war, in guidelines, and in practice 89 CAROLINE COTTET 6 The political economy of sexual violence against men and boys in armed conflict 102 SARA MEGER Reflections 117 Reflections on sexual violence against men and boys in global politics 119 PAUL HIGATE AND NIVI MANCHANDA Homo interruptus 122 PAUL kIRBy Can our intellectual curiosity on gender cause harm? 126 MADELEINE REES Gender, sex, and sexual violence against men 129 LAURA J. SHEPHERD Not for the faint of heart: reflections on rape, gender, and conflict 132 LARA STEMPLE PART II Framing 135 7 Uncovering men’s narratives of conflict- related sexual violence 137 MICHELE LEIBy 8 Sex, violence, and heteronormativity: revisiting performances of sexual violence against men in former Yugoslavia 152 PAULA DRUMOND Contents vii 9 ‘Only a fool …’ why men don’t disclose conflict- related sexual violence in an age of global media 167 CHRIS DOLAN 10 Masculine subjectivities in United Nations discourse on gender violence (1970–2015): absent actors, deviant perpetrators, allies, and victims 184 GIZEH BECERRA 11 Sexual violence or torture?: The framing of sexual violence against men in armed conflict in Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch reports 198 THOMAS CHARMAN 12 Conflict- related male sexual violence and the international criminal jurisprudence 211 PATRICIA VISEUR SELLERS AND LEO C. NWOYE Reflections 237 Familiar stories, the policing of knowledge, and other challenges ahead 239 MARIA ERIkSSoN BAAZ Reflections on the slippery politics of framing 243 HARRIET GRAY Male victims: a blind spot in law 246 CHARU LATA HOGG Sexual violence against men and boys in the Congo 249 ILOT MUTHAKA SGBV against men and boys as a site of theoretical and political contestation 251 JILL STEANS ‘People You May Know’ 254 KEVIN KANTOR Index 256 Illustrations Figures 1.1 Marché d’esclaves 36 7.1 Author photograph, CVR n.d. 140 Tables 7.1 Comparing figures on CRSV 139 7.2 Probability that PTRC interviewers mark ‘sexual violence’ in testimony, by victim sex, sexual violation type, and interviewer sex 143 7.3 Probability that PTRC interviewers mark ‘sexual violence’ in testimony, by victim sex and sexual violation type 146 7.4 Most frequent types of CRSV against men and women 147 Contributors Gizeh Becerra is currently pursuing a PhD degree at the Gender Studies Insti- tute of the University of Geneva. Her doctoral research examines the concep- tualisation of violence against women (VAW) in the United Nations system from the 1970s to the present day. Her thesis analyses the issue’s emergence as an international public problem and the effects of institutionalisation on problem framing. Her research focuses on the interactions of women’s social movements, experts, and UN officials, and how these exchanges shaped VAW norms over time, influencing our current understanding of the problem. Ms Becerra has also worked with international organisations and NGos developing research and awareness-r aising campaigns to combat VAW. Thomas Charman is a PhD student in the School of Social and Political Science at the University of Edinburgh. His research focuses on analysing how sexual violence against men in armed conflict is framed by non- governmental organisations and international legal tribunals, and the concep- tual and practical implications that stem from the use of particular frames. Caroline Cottet is the co- founder and coordinator of the Refugee Women’s Centre, a non- profit organisation that supports women, families, and unac- companied minors in the refugee camps of Northern France. Alongside her activism, she partakes in academic research by writing and editing. Namely, she is an editor for the Encounters section of Critical Military Studies and an Editor- at-Large, specialising in gender and sexuality theory, for E- International Relations. Chris Dolan is the Director of Refugee Law Project, Makerere University kampala, and a Visiting Professor at the Transitional Justice Institute and INCORE, Ulster University. He works extensively with refugee and IDP sur- vivors of sexual violence in conflict settings, as well as conducting research and global advocacy on the need for inclusive approaches to gender-b ased violence, particularly for male and LGBTI survivors of such violence. Recent articles include ‘Inclusive Gender: Why Tackling Gender Hierarchies Cannot be at the Expense of Human Rights and the Humanitarian Imperative’, Inter- national Review of the Red Cross and ‘Victims Who Are Men’ in The Oxford Handbook of Gender and Armed Conflict (Oxford University Press, 2017).
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