Table Of Content

International Review of c y toI ogy SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS VOLUME 140 Cyto I og y Geoffrey H. Bourne 1949-1 988 James F. Danielli 1949-1 984 Kwang W. Jeon 1967- Department of Zoology The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Martin Friedlander 1984- Jules Stein Eye Institute and Department of Physiology UCLA School of Medicine Los Angeles, California ADVISORY EDITORS Aimee Bakken Audrey Muggleton-Harris Eve Ida Barak Andreas Oksche Howard A. Bern Muriel J. Ord Robert A. Bloodgood Vladimir R. Pantic Dean Bok M. V. Parthesarathy Stanley Cohen Lionel 1. Rebhun Rene Couteaux Jean-Paul Revel Marie A. DiBerardino L. Evans Roth Donald K. Dougall Jozef St. Schell Charles J. Flickinger Hiroh Shibaoka Nicholas Gillham Wilfred Stein Elizabeth D. Hay Ralph M. Steinman Mark Hogarth M. Tazewa Keith E. Mostov Alexander L. Yudin Guest Edited by Scott D. Russell Department of Botany and Microbiology University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma Christian Dumas Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon Lyon, France SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS VOLUME 140 Academic Press, Inc. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright 0 1992 by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Academic Press, Inc. 1250 Sixth Avenue, San Diego, California 921 01 -431 1 United Kingdom Edition published by Academic Press Limited 24-28 Oval Road, London NWl 7DX Library of Congress Catalog Number: 52-5203 International Standard Book Number: 0-12-364543-3 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 929394959697 EB 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contributors ........................................................................ xiii Preface ............................................................................ xvi i . PART 1 POLLEN GRAIN AND TUBE Pollen Gene Expression: Molecular Evidence Joseph P. Mascarenhas 1. Introduction ........ ............. ............... ........... 3 II. - ription ............................................ 3 Ill. Transcription of Specific Genes during Pollen Development ..................... 5 IV. Characterization and Identification of Pollen-Expressed Genes ........... 7 V . Structure of Promoters Responsible for Regulating Pollen Specificity and Temporal Specificity of Transcription of Pollen-Expressed Genes ....... 12 References .................. ......... ........ 16 Identification and in Situ Localization of Pollen-Specific Genes S . P. Davies. M . B. Singh. and R . B. Knox I. Introduction .................................................................. 19 I1 . Two Groups of Genes Are Expressed during Pollen Development ................ 20 111. Temporal Expression Patterns of Pollen-Expressed Genes ...................... 22 IV. Allergenic Proteins Are Encoded by a Unique Class of Pollen-Specific Genes ..... 23 V . Localization of Pollen-Specific Transcripts by in Situ Hybridization .............. 25 VI . Localization of Pollen- and Anther-Specific Transcripts in Transgenic Plants ..... 20 VII . Localization of Pollen- and Anther-Specific Proteins: lntracellular Targeting ...... 20 VIII . What Is the Function of Pollen- and Anther-Specific Genes? ..................... 29 V vi CONTENTS IX. Future Directions ............................................................. 32 References ................................................................... 33 Pollen Wall and Sporopollenin R. Wiermann and S. Gubatz I. Introduction ........................................................ 35 II. Outer Pollen Wall as an Accumulation Site of Chemicals of High Diversity: The Pollen Coat Substances .......... 36 111. Biosynthesis and Structure of Sporopollenin ........ 52 IV. Concluding Remarks 66 References ..................... 67 Cytoskeleton and Cytoplasmic Organization of Pollen and Pollen Tubes Elisabeth S. Pierson and Mauro Cresti I. Introduction ............... II. Vegetative Cytoplasm of Pollen Grains and Pollen Tubes . Ill. Cytoskeletal Proteins and Methods of Visualization ......... IV. Localization of Cytoskeletal Elements in Pollen Grains and Pollen Tubes ......... 96 V. Effects of Inhibitors on the Cytoskeleton ................... VI. Conclusions ....................................................... 113 VII. Considerations for the Near Future ............................................ 115 References ......................................... 117 PART II. GAMETES The Male Germ Unit: Concept, Composition, and Significance H. Lloyd Mogensen I. Introduction .................................................................. 129 II. Concepts and Misconceptions.. ............................................... 130 111. Results from Quantitative, Three-dimensional Studies and the Concept of the Male Germ Unit.. ............................................................. 131 IV. Functional Significance of the Male Germ Unit ................................. 142 V. Conclusions and Prospects . ................................. 145 References ........................... 145 CONTENTS vii Organization, Composition, and Function of the Generative Cell and Sperm Cytoskeleton Barry A. Palevitz and Antonio Tiezzi I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 II. Microtubules of the Generative Cell and Sperm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 111. Actin in the Generative Cell and Sperm(?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 IV. Function(s) of the Generative Cell and Sperm Cytoskeleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 V. Concluding Remarks 180 References 181 Freeze Fracture of Male Reproductive Cells Darlene Southworth I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . , . . . . 187 11. Vegetative Cells in Pollen and Pollen Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . , . , . , , , . , , . 190 Ill. Generative Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , , , , . , . , , . , , , . , . 193 IV. Sperm Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . 201 V. Conclusions and Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . 202 203 Generative Cells and Male Gametes: Isolation, Physiology, and Biochemistry Annie Chaboud and Rejane Perez I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 II. Formation of Generative Cells and Male Gametes during Gametophyte Development 205 111. Ch aracterizati 207 IV. Isolation of Generative Cells and Male Gametes 213 V. Physiology and Biochemistry of Isolated Generative Cells and Male Gametes . . . . . 21 7 VI. Concluding Remarks . . , , . , . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . 228 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Female Germ Unit: Organization, Isolation, and Function Bing-Quan Huang and Scott D. Russell I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . , . . , , . , , . , , . . , . , , . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 233 viii CONTENTS (I. Development of Megagarnetophyte ................................... 234 Ill. Organization of the Female Germ U ................................... 247 IV. Isolation and Characterization of Isolated Megagametophytes ................... 269 V. Cytoskeletal Organization in the Megagametophyte ...................... 204 VI. Conclusion and Prospects ...................... ................. 207 References .............................. ............ 200 PART 111. PROGAMIC PHASE AND FERTILIZATION A Dynamic Role for the Stylar Matrix in Pollen Tube Extension Luraynne C. Sanders and Elizabeth M. Lord I. Introduction ....................... ............................ 297 II. Extracellular Matrices ..................... ...................... 299 Ill. Evidence for an Active Biological Role of the ............ 304 IV. Conclusions.. . ............................. ......... 314 References ..................................... 31 5 Double Fertilization in Nonflowering Seed Plants and Its Relevance to the Origin of Flowering Plants William E. Friedman ...................................... .............. 319 n in Conifers ........................... 321 Ill. Potential Double Fertilization in Ginkgo biloba and Cycads ....... 327 IV. Double Fertilization in Ephedra ................................... 320 V. Potential Double Fertilization in Gnefum and Welwifschia ....................... 342 VI. Cell Biological Features of Double Fertilization in Nonflowering Seed Plants ..... 340 VII. Evolutionary Considerations ....................................... 349 References ............. ..................................... 354 Double Fertilization Scott D. Russell I. Introduction .................................................................. 357 II. Receipt of the Pollen Tube .................................................... 359 111. Delivery of the Male Gametes in the Embryo Sac and Their Condition Prior to Fusion ....................................................................... 370 CONTENTS IX IV. Gametic Fusion in Plants and Animals ......................................... 372 V. Influence of Fusion on the Pattern of Cytoplasmic Inheritance ................... 379 VI. Nuclear Fusion ............................................................... 383 References ................................................................... 385 PART IV. MANIPULATION IN POLLINATION AND FERTILIZATION MECHANISMS In Vitro Pollination: A New Tool for Analyzing Environmental Stress Isabelle Dupuis I. Introduction ............ ........................................... 391 11. Influence of Temperature he in Vivo Reproductive Process ............ 392 111. In Vitro Pollination System ......... ................................ 394 IV. Influence of Temperature Stress at Di ses of the in Vitro Reproductive Process . . .......... 397 V. Heat Shock Response in Reproductive Tissue .................................. 400 VI. Conclusions ....................... ..................... 402 References ........................ ..................... 403 In Vkro Fusion of Gametes and Production of Zygotes Erhard Kranz, Horst Lorz, Catherine Digonnet, and Jean-Emmanuel Faure I. Introduction ..................................... 407 II. Recognition and Gamete Fusion in Animals and Pla 408 Ill. Micromanipulation of Single Gametes, Synergids, and Central Cells ... 41 4 IV. Culture of Egg Cells and Zygotes .................................... 41 8 V. Concluding Remarks and Further Directions ......................... 41 9 References ............. ................................. 42 1 Plant Transformation Using the Sexual Route Patricia Roeckel, Maurice M. Moloney, and Joel R. Drevet I. Introduction .................................................................. 425 II. Microspores .................................................................. 426 111. Pollen Grains as Vectors of Transforming DNA ................................. 43 1 IV. Transformation in Situ of Female Sexual Cells .................................. 44 I

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A book for cell, molecular, and developmental biologists, physiologists (organ level), biomedical scientists, biochemists studying cell-cell interactions, cell variation and evolution. This volume provides an overview of recent accomplishments in sexual reproduction in flowering plants that have alt
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635 Pages·1992·34.8 MB·English
by  Scott D. Russell and Christian Dumas (Eds.)
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International Review of c y toI ogy SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS VOLUME 140 Cyto I og y Geoffrey H. Bourne 1949-1 988 James F. Danielli 1949-1 984 Kwang W. Jeon 1967- Department of Zoology The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Martin Friedlander 1984- Jules Stein Eye Institute and Department of Physiology UCLA School of Medicine Los Angeles, California ADVISORY EDITORS Aimee Bakken Audrey Muggleton-Harris Eve Ida Barak Andreas Oksche Howard A. Bern Muriel J. Ord Robert A. Bloodgood Vladimir R. Pantic Dean Bok M. V. Parthesarathy Stanley Cohen Lionel 1. Rebhun Rene Couteaux Jean-Paul Revel Marie A. DiBerardino L. Evans Roth Donald K. Dougall Jozef St. Schell Charles J. Flickinger Hiroh Shibaoka Nicholas Gillham Wilfred Stein Elizabeth D. Hay Ralph M. Steinman Mark Hogarth M. Tazewa Keith E. Mostov Alexander L. Yudin Guest Edited by Scott D. Russell Department of Botany and Microbiology University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma Christian Dumas Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon Lyon, France SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS VOLUME 140 Academic Press, Inc. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright 0 1992 by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Academic Press, Inc. 1250 Sixth Avenue, San Diego, California 921 01 -431 1 United Kingdom Edition published by Academic Press Limited 24-28 Oval Road, London NWl 7DX Library of Congress Catalog Number: 52-5203 International Standard Book Number: 0-12-364543-3 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 929394959697 EB 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contributors ........................................................................ xiii Preface ............................................................................ xvi i . PART 1 POLLEN GRAIN AND TUBE Pollen Gene Expression: Molecular Evidence Joseph P. Mascarenhas 1. Introduction ........ ............. ............... ........... 3 II. - ription ............................................ 3 Ill. Transcription of Specific Genes during Pollen Development ..................... 5 IV. Characterization and Identification of Pollen-Expressed Genes ........... 7 V . Structure of Promoters Responsible for Regulating Pollen Specificity and Temporal Specificity of Transcription of Pollen-Expressed Genes ....... 12 References .................. ......... ........ 16 Identification and in Situ Localization of Pollen-Specific Genes S . P. Davies. M . B. Singh. and R . B. Knox I. Introduction .................................................................. 19 I1 . Two Groups of Genes Are Expressed during Pollen Development ................ 20 111. Temporal Expression Patterns of Pollen-Expressed Genes ...................... 22 IV. Allergenic Proteins Are Encoded by a Unique Class of Pollen-Specific Genes ..... 23 V . Localization of Pollen-Specific Transcripts by in Situ Hybridization .............. 25 VI . Localization of Pollen- and Anther-Specific Transcripts in Transgenic Plants ..... 20 VII . Localization of Pollen- and Anther-Specific Proteins: lntracellular Targeting ...... 20 VIII . What Is the Function of Pollen- and Anther-Specific Genes? ..................... 29 V vi CONTENTS IX. Future Directions ............................................................. 32 References ................................................................... 33 Pollen Wall and Sporopollenin R. Wiermann and S. Gubatz I. Introduction ........................................................ 35 II. Outer Pollen Wall as an Accumulation Site of Chemicals of High Diversity: The Pollen Coat Substances .......... 36 111. Biosynthesis and Structure of Sporopollenin ........ 52 IV. Concluding Remarks 66 References ..................... 67 Cytoskeleton and Cytoplasmic Organization of Pollen and Pollen Tubes Elisabeth S. Pierson and Mauro Cresti I. Introduction ............... II. Vegetative Cytoplasm of Pollen Grains and Pollen Tubes . Ill. Cytoskeletal Proteins and Methods of Visualization ......... IV. Localization of Cytoskeletal Elements in Pollen Grains and Pollen Tubes ......... 96 V. Effects of Inhibitors on the Cytoskeleton ................... VI. Conclusions ....................................................... 113 VII. Considerations for the Near Future ............................................ 115 References ......................................... 117 PART II. GAMETES The Male Germ Unit: Concept, Composition, and Significance H. Lloyd Mogensen I. Introduction .................................................................. 129 II. Concepts and Misconceptions.. ............................................... 130 111. Results from Quantitative, Three-dimensional Studies and the Concept of the Male Germ Unit.. ............................................................. 131 IV. Functional Significance of the Male Germ Unit ................................. 142 V. Conclusions and Prospects . ................................. 145 References ........................... 145 CONTENTS vii Organization, Composition, and Function of the Generative Cell and Sperm Cytoskeleton Barry A. Palevitz and Antonio Tiezzi I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 II. Microtubules of the Generative Cell and Sperm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 111. Actin in the Generative Cell and Sperm(?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 IV. Function(s) of the Generative Cell and Sperm Cytoskeleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 V. Concluding Remarks 180 References 181 Freeze Fracture of Male Reproductive Cells Darlene Southworth I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . , . . . . 187 11. Vegetative Cells in Pollen and Pollen Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . , . , . , , , . , , . 190 Ill. Generative Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , , , , . , . , , . , , , . , . 193 IV. Sperm Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . 201 V. Conclusions and Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . 202 203 Generative Cells and Male Gametes: Isolation, Physiology, and Biochemistry Annie Chaboud and Rejane Perez I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 II. Formation of Generative Cells and Male Gametes during Gametophyte Development 205 111. Ch aracterizati 207 IV. Isolation of Generative Cells and Male Gametes 213 V. Physiology and Biochemistry of Isolated Generative Cells and Male Gametes . . . . . 21 7 VI. Concluding Remarks . . , , . , . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . 228 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Female Germ Unit: Organization, Isolation, and Function Bing-Quan Huang and Scott D. Russell I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . , . . , , . , , . , , . . , . , , . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 233 viii CONTENTS (I. Development of Megagarnetophyte ................................... 234 Ill. Organization of the Female Germ U ................................... 247 IV. Isolation and Characterization of Isolated Megagametophytes ................... 269 V. Cytoskeletal Organization in the Megagametophyte ...................... 204 VI. Conclusion and Prospects ...................... ................. 207 References .............................. ............ 200 PART 111. PROGAMIC PHASE AND FERTILIZATION A Dynamic Role for the Stylar Matrix in Pollen Tube Extension Luraynne C. Sanders and Elizabeth M. Lord I. Introduction ....................... ............................ 297 II. Extracellular Matrices ..................... ...................... 299 Ill. Evidence for an Active Biological Role of the ............ 304 IV. Conclusions.. . ............................. ......... 314 References ..................................... 31 5 Double Fertilization in Nonflowering Seed Plants and Its Relevance to the Origin of Flowering Plants William E. Friedman ...................................... .............. 319 n in Conifers ........................... 321 Ill. Potential Double Fertilization in Ginkgo biloba and Cycads ....... 327 IV. Double Fertilization in Ephedra ................................... 320 V. Potential Double Fertilization in Gnefum and Welwifschia ....................... 342 VI. Cell Biological Features of Double Fertilization in Nonflowering Seed Plants ..... 340 VII. Evolutionary Considerations ....................................... 349 References ............. ..................................... 354 Double Fertilization Scott D. Russell I. Introduction .................................................................. 357 II. Receipt of the Pollen Tube .................................................... 359 111. Delivery of the Male Gametes in the Embryo Sac and Their Condition Prior to Fusion ....................................................................... 370 CONTENTS IX IV. Gametic Fusion in Plants and Animals ......................................... 372 V. Influence of Fusion on the Pattern of Cytoplasmic Inheritance ................... 379 VI. Nuclear Fusion ............................................................... 383 References ................................................................... 385 PART IV. MANIPULATION IN POLLINATION AND FERTILIZATION MECHANISMS In Vitro Pollination: A New Tool for Analyzing Environmental Stress Isabelle Dupuis I. Introduction ............ ........................................... 391 11. Influence of Temperature he in Vivo Reproductive Process ............ 392 111. In Vitro Pollination System ......... ................................ 394 IV. Influence of Temperature Stress at Di ses of the in Vitro Reproductive Process . . .......... 397 V. Heat Shock Response in Reproductive Tissue .................................. 400 VI. Conclusions ....................... ..................... 402 References ........................ ..................... 403 In Vkro Fusion of Gametes and Production of Zygotes Erhard Kranz, Horst Lorz, Catherine Digonnet, and Jean-Emmanuel Faure I. Introduction ..................................... 407 II. Recognition and Gamete Fusion in Animals and Pla 408 Ill. Micromanipulation of Single Gametes, Synergids, and Central Cells ... 41 4 IV. Culture of Egg Cells and Zygotes .................................... 41 8 V. Concluding Remarks and Further Directions ......................... 41 9 References ............. ................................. 42 1 Plant Transformation Using the Sexual Route Patricia Roeckel, Maurice M. Moloney, and Joel R. Drevet I. Introduction .................................................................. 425 II. Microspores .................................................................. 426 111. Pollen Grains as Vectors of Transforming DNA ................................. 43 1 IV. Transformation in Situ of Female Sexual Cells .................................. 44 I

Description:
A book for cell, molecular, and developmental biologists, physiologists (organ level), biomedical scientists, biochemists studying cell-cell interactions, cell variation and evolution. This volume provides an overview of recent accomplishments in sexual reproduction in flowering plants that have alt
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