Sexual offences, child abduction and kidnapping

38 Pages·2005·0.46 MB·English

CHAPTER 33
Sexual offences, child
abduction and kidnapping
SEXUALOFFENCES:INTRODUCTION
Thelawinrelationtosexualoffenceswasthoroughlyoverhauledandmodernisedby
theSexualOffencesAct2003(SOA2003).TheonlypartofthepreviousprincipalAct,
theSexualOffencesAct1956,whichsurvivesareahandfulofsectionsconcernedwith
brothels.Wedealwiththesesectionsinthenextchapter.
Althoughtheoffenderisoftenreferredtoas‘he’intheoffencesintheSOA2003,it
mustnotbeforgottenthat,withtheexceptionofrapeandtheoffenceofintercourse
withananimal,contrarytoSOA2003,s69(1),alltheoffencesunderthatActcanbe
committedbyafemaleperson,aswellasbyamaleperson.
Sexual
ForthepurposesofthevariousoffencesinSOA2003,s78providesthat,exceptsexual
activityinapubliclavatory,penetration,touchingoranyotheractivityissexualifa
reasonablepersonwouldconsiderthat:
(a) whateveritscircumstancesoranyperson’spurposeinrelationtoit,itisbecause
ofitsnaturesexual;or
(b) becauseofitsnatureitmaybesexualandbecauseofitscircumstancesorthepur-
poseofanypersoninrelationtoit(orboth)itissexual.
Consent
‘Consent’isdefinedforthepurposesoftheoffencesundertheSOA2003involving
theabsenceofconsentbySOA2003,s74asfollows:apersonconsentsifheagreesby
choice,andhasthefreedomandcapacitytomakethatchoice.
The Sexual Offences Act 2003, ss75 and 76 lay down some evidential and
conclusivepresumptionsastotheabsenceofconsentinrespectofrapeandsimilar
non-consensual sexual offences described in this chapter. These presumptions are
dealtwithattherelevantpoints.
866 Sexualoffences,childabductionandkidnapping
Undertheabovedefinition,apersonwhoisasleeporotherwiseunconsciousatthe
timeoftherelevantactwillnotnormallyconsentbecausehewillnotnormallyagree
towhatisdone.Ifthereappearstobeanagreement,itmaybevitiatedasfollows.
Incapacitytomakeachoice
Apersonmay,forexample,lackthecapacitytomakeachoiceaboutwhetherornot
toagreebecauseofmentaldisorder,becauseheisdruggedorintoxicatedorbecause
heissemi-comatose.Apersonwilllackcapacitytoconsentifatthetimehehasnoreal
understandingofwhatisinvolved,or(inotherwords)hehassuchlimitedknowledge
orunderstandingasnottobeinapositiontodecidewhetherornottoagree.
Lackoffreedomtochoose
Apersonmaynothaveafreedomtomakeachoicewhetherornottoagreeifviolence
isbeingusedagainsthim,orheiscausedtofearthatitisbeingusedagainstanother,
atthetimeoftherelevantconductorimmediatelybeforehand.Thesameisthecaseif
heiscausedtofearatthetimeoftherelevantactorbeforehandthatviolencewould
beusedagainsthimoranotherperson.Apersonmayalsolackfreedomofchoicefor
otherreasons,aswheresomeoneagreesbecauseheisunlawfullydetainedorwhere
therewastheuse,orthreat,ofviolencetodestroypropertywhichwasofspecialvalue,
financiallyoremotionally,orthreatofdismissalbyanemployertoanemployee,or
athreattoremovechildren.Itwouldalldependonthenatureofthethreatandthe
othercircumstances,andtheperceptionofthecomplainant,andwhetherinthelight
ofthesefactorsthecomplainantwasnotinrealityfreetoagreeordisagree.
Bymistake
Somemistakesmayvitiateanapparentagreement.Thiswillcertainlybetheeffectofa
mistakenbeliefastothenatureoftheactorthattheaccusedissomeoneknownper-
sonallytothecomplainant.Inneithercasedoesthecomplainantagreetowhatisdone.
Thesameistrue,itwouldseem,wherethereisamistakeastothepurposeoftheact.
Itremainstobeseenwhetherthejudgeswillrecognisethatamistakeastoanyqual-
ityofanact,otherthanitspurpose,oramistakenbeliefofidentitynotinvolvinga
beliefastosomeoneknownpersonallycanprevent‘agreementbychoice’forthepur-
posesofthelawofsexualoffences.
Penetrationandpartsofthebody
BySOA2003,s79,‘penetration’isacontinuingactfromentrytowithdrawal.Ithas
longbeenestablishedbythecourtsthattheslightestdegreeofpenetrationisenough.
Section79alsoprovidesthatreferencestoapartofthebodyincludereferencestoa
partsurgicallyconstructed(inparticularthroughgenderreassignmentsurgery);that
‘vagina’includesvulva(externalfemalegenitalorgans);andthat‘touching’includes
touchingwithanypartofthebody,orwithanythingelse,orthroughanything,andin
Non-consensualsexualoffences 867
particularincludestouchingthroughpenetration.Anexampleofatouchingbysome-
thingotherthanapartofanyone’sbodywouldbeholdingasextoyagainstaprivate
partofthevictim’sbody.Sincethetouchingcanbethroughanything,itwouldbe
irrelevantthatBwasfullydressedatthetime,providedthattherewassomephysical
contact,howeverslight,withB’sbodythroughtheclothing.
Arrestableoffences
AlloffencesunderSOA2003arearrestableoffences,besidestheoffencesofsexwithan
adultrelativeunderss64and65.
NON-CONSENSUALSEXUALOFFENCES
Rape
BySOA2003,s1(1),aperson(A)commitsanoffenceif:
(a) heintentionallypenetratesthevagina,anusormouthofanotherperson(B)with
hispenis;
(b) Bdoesnotconsenttothepenetration;and
(c) AdoesnotreasonablybelievethatBconsents.
Theabsenceofconsentdoesnothavetobedemonstratedbyofferingresistanceor
bycommunicatingittotheaccused.
SOA 2003, s1(2) provides that whether a belief in consent is reasonable is to
be determined having regard to all the circumstances, including any steps A (the
accused)hastakentoascertainwhetherB(thevictim)consents.Thewords‘allthe
circumstances’mustrefertothosewhichmightberelevanttotheissue,includingany
characteristicoftheaccused,permanentortransient,whichmightaffecthisabilityto
perceiveorunderstandwhetherornotthevictimisconsenting.Exampleswouldbe
alearningdisability,mentalillness,deafness,blindness,maturity,extremeyouthand
sexualinexperience.
Proofoflackofconsentandofthefaultelementrelatingtoitisassistedbyspecial
provisions,whichalsoapplytotheoffencesofassaultbypenetration,sexualassault
andcausingapersontoengageinsexualactivitywithoutconsent.Boththeseprovi-
sionsrefertotheaccusedhavingdone‘therelevantact’.Forthepurposesofrape,‘the
relevantact’isthattheaccusedintentionallypenetrated,withhispenis,thevagina,
anusormouthofanotherperson(‘thecomplainant’).
Thefirstprovision(SOA2003,s75)isthatifinproceedingsforanoffencetowhich
thissectionappliesitisproved:
(a) thattheaccuseddidtherelevantact;
(b) thatanyofthecircumstancesspecifiedbelowexisted;and
(c) thattheaccusedknewthatthosecircumstancesexisted,
thecomplainantistobetakennottohaveconsentedtotherelevantactunlesssuffi-
cientevidenceisadducedtoraiseanissueastowhetherheconsented,andtheaccused
istobetakennottohavereasonablybelievedthatthecomplainantconsentedunless
sufficientevidenceisadducedtoraiseanissueastowhetherhereasonablybelievedit.
868 Sexualoffences,childabductionandkidnapping
Thespecifiedcircumstancesarethat:
(a) anypersonwas,atthetimeoftherelevantactorimmediatelybeforeitbegan,
usingviolenceagainstthecomplainantorcausingthecomplainanttofearthat
immediateviolencewouldbeusedagainsthim;
(b) anypersonwas,atthetimeoftherelevantactorimmediatelybeforeitbegan,
causingthecomplainanttofearthatviolencewasbeingused,orthatimmediate
violencewouldbeused,againstanotherperson;
(c) thecomplainantwas,andtheaccusedwasnot,unlawfullydetainedatthetimeof
therelevantact;
(d) the complainant was asleep or otherwise unconscious at the time of the
relevantact;
(e) becauseofthecomplainant’sphysicaldisability,thecomplainantwouldnothave
beenableatthetimeoftherelevantacttocommunicatetotheaccusedwhether
thecomplainantconsented;
(f) anypersonhadadministeredtoorcausedtobetakenbythecomplainant,without
the complainant’s consent, a substance which, having regard to when it was
administeredortaken,wascapableofcausingorenablingthecomplainanttobe
stupefiedoroverpoweredatthetimeoftherelevantact.
Thesecondprovision(SOA2003,s76)isthatifinproceedingsforanoffenceto
whichthissectionappliesitisprovedthattheaccuseddidtherelevantactandthat
eitherofthecircumstancesspecifiedbelowexisted,itistobeconclusivelypresumed:
(a) thatthecomplainantdidnotconsenttotherelevantact;and
(b) thattheaccuseddidnotbelievethatthecomplainantconsentedtotherelevantact.
Thespecifiedcircumstancesarethat:theaccusedintentionallydeceivedthecom-
plainantastothenatureorpurposeoftherelevantact;andthattheaccusedintention-
allyinducedthecomplainanttoconsenttotherelevantactbyimpersonatingaperson
knownpersonallytothecomplainant.
Rapeofachildunderthirteen
BySOA2003,s5(1),apersoncommitsanoffenceif:
(a) heintentionallypenetratesthevagina,anusormouthofanotherpersonwithhis
penis;and
(b) theotherpersonisunderthirteen.
Whetherornottheotherpersonconsentstothepenetrationisirrelevant;achild
underthirteenislegallyincapableofgivingalegallysignificantconsent.
Theoffenceisoneoftheoffencesinrespectofwhichthereareexceptionsfromcrim-
inalliabilityunderSOA2003,s73,onthebasisofaiding,abettingorcounsellingthe
commissionoftheoffenceifapersonactsforthepurposeof:
(a) protectingthechildfromsexuallytransmittedinfection;
(b) protectingthephysicalsafetyofthechild;
(c) preventingthechildfrombecomingpregnant;or
(d) promotingthechild’semotionalwell-beingbythegivingofadvice,
Non-consensualsexualoffences 869
andnotforthepurposeofobtainingsexualgratificationorforthepurposeofcausing
orencouragingtheactivityconstitutingtheoffenceorthechild’sparticipationinit.
Assaultbypenetration
BySOA2003,s2(1),aperson(A)commitsanoffenceif:
(a) heintentionallypenetratesthevaginaoranusofanotherperson(B)withapartof
hisbodyoranythingelse;
(b) thepenetrationissexual;
(c) Bdoesnotconsenttothepenetration;and
(d) AdoesnotreasonablybelievethatBconsents.
SOA2003,s2(2)providesthatwhetherabeliefisreasonablemustbedetermined
havingregardtoallthecircumstances,includingwhethertheaccusedhastakentreas-
onablestepstoascertainwhetherthecomplainantconsents.
Ifitisprovedthattheaccusedintentionallypenetrated,withapartofhisbody(eg
afingerortongue)oranythingelse(egadildoorbottle),thevaginaoranusofB(‘the
complainant’) in circumstances where the penetration was sexual, and that (as the
accusedknew)oneofthespecifiedcircumstancesreferredtoinSOA2003,s75existed,
theevidentialpresumptionsabouttheabsenceofconsentandofareasonablebeliefin
consentreferredtoinrelationtorapealsoapplytothepresentoffence.
Ifitisprovedthattheaccused(A)intentionallypenetrated,withapartofhisbody
oranythingelse,thevaginaoranusofanotherperson(B,‘thecomplainant’)incir-
cumstanceswherethepenetrationwassexual,andthatAintentionallydeceivedBasto
thenatureorpurposeofthatact,orthatAintentionallyinducedBtoconsenttothat
actbyimpersonatingsomeoneknowntoB,itistobeconclusivelypresumedunder
SOA2003,s76thatBdidnotconsenttothatactandthatAdidnotbelievethatthe
complainantconsentedtotherelevantact.
Assaultofachildunderthirteenbypenetration
BySOA2003,s6(1),apersoncommitsanoffenceif:
(a) heintentionallypenetratesthevaginaoranusofanotherpersonwithapartofhis
bodyoranythingelse;
(b) thepenetrationissexual;and
(c) theotherpersonisunderthirteen.
Theabsenceofconsentbytheotherpersonisnotanelementofthisoffence.The
exceptionsunderSOA2003,s73fromliabilityforaiding,abettingorcounsellingapply
tothisoffence.
Sexualassault
BySOA2003,s3(1),aperson(A)commitsanoffenceif:
(a) heintentionallytouchesanotherperson(B);
870 Sexualoffences,childabductionandkidnapping
(b) thetouchingissexual;
(c) Bdoesnotconsenttothetouching;and
(d) AdoesnotreasonablybelievethatBconsents.
SOA2003,s3(2)providesthatwhetherabeliefisreasonablemustbedetermined
withregardtoallthecircumstances,includinganystepstheaccusedhastakentoascer-
tainwhetherthecomplainantconsents.
In terms of the requirement of the absence of consent by the complainant and
‘noreasonablebelief’inconsentontheaccused’spart,theprosecutionisassistedby
theevidentialandconclusivepresumptionsreferredtoonp867,whichalsoapplyto
thepresentoffence.Forthepurposesofthepresentoffence,the‘relevantact’isthat
theaccusedintentionallytouchedthecomplainant,wherethetouchingwassexual.
Sexualassaultofachildunderthirteen
BySOA2003,s7(1),apersoncommitsanoffenceif:
(a) heintentionallytouchesanotherperson;
(b) thetouchingissexual;and
(c) theotherpersonisunderthirteen.
The absence of the other person’s consent is not an elementof the offence. The
exceptions under SOA 2003, s73 from liability for aiding, abetting or counselling
applytothisoffence.
Causingapersontoengageinsexualactivitywithoutconsent
BySOA2003,s4(1),aperson(A)commitsanoffenceif:
(a) heintentionallycausesanotherperson(B)toengageinanactivity;
(b) theactivityissexual;
(c) Bdoesnotconsenttoengagingintheactivity;and
(d) AdoesnotreasonablybelievethatBconsents.
Amoreseriousoffenceiscommittediftheactivitycausedinvolved:
(a) penetrationofB’sanusorvagina;
(b) penetrationofB’smouthwithaperson’spenis;
(c) penetrationofaperson’sanusorvaginawithapartofB’sbodyorbyBwithany-
thingelse;or
(d) penetrationofaperson’smouthwithB’spenis.
SOA2003,s4(1)providesthatwhetherabeliefisreasonablemustbedetermined
withregardtoallthecircumstances,includinganystepstheaccusedhastakentoascer-
tainwhetherthecomplainantconsents.Intermsoftherequirementsoftheabsenceof
consentbythecomplainantandofnoreasonablebeliefinconsent,theprosecution
isassistedbytheevidentialandconclusivepresumptionsreferredtoonp867,which
alsoapplytothepresentoffence.Forthepurposesofthepresentoffence,the‘relevant
act’isthattheaccusedintentionallycausedthecomplainanttoengageinanactivity,
wheretheactivitywassexual.
Childsexoffences 871
Causingorincitingachildunderthirteentoengageinsexualactivity
BytheSOA2003,s8(1),apersoncommitsanoffenceif:
(a) heintentionallycausesorincitesanotherperson(B)toengageinanactivity;
(b) theactivityissexual,and
(c) Bisunderthirteen.
Amoreseriousoffenceiscommittediftheactivitycausedorincitedinvolved:
(a) penetrationofB’sanusorvagina;
(b) penetrationofB’smouthwithaperson’spenis;
(c) penetrationofaperson’sanusorvaginawithapartofB’sbodyorbyBwithany-
thingelse;or
(d) penetrationofaperson’smouthwithB’spenis.
TheabsenceofB’sconsentisnotanelementofanoffenceunders8.
Adviceinnon-consensualsexcases
(1) Tobefullyeffective,anonymityforcomplainantsmuststartfromthemoment
whentheallegationismadetothepolice.
(2) Tactfulandsympatheticquestioningofcomplainantsisimportant.Experience
andsympathyintheinterviewingofficeraremoreimportantthanhisorhersex.
(3) Medical examination in a clinical environment, such as a hospital or surgery,
shouldreducedistress,produceanatmosphereofcareandconcern,andprovide
forimmediatetreatmentwheredesirable.As,however,theremaybedifficulties
inthewayofhavingsuchexaminationsawayfromapolicestation,adequateand
suitablefacilitiesformedicalexaminationinpolicestationsareneededincaseitis
necessaryforsuchexaminationstotakeplacethere.
(4) Ifpossible,andiftimepermits,thepoliceshouldensurethatthecomplainantis
referredtotheappropriateservices,whethermedicalorsocial;thisisbestdone
beforethecomplainantleavesthepolicestation.
Thisadvice is includedin the reportof theAdvisoryGrouponthe Law of Rape
(1976).Itisextremelyimportantandisobviouslyapplicablenotjusttorapebutto
any other non-consensual sexual offence. The complainant has just undergone an
extremelyfrighteningexperienceandwillrequirealltheassurancewhichitispossible
togive.
CHILDSEXOFFENCES
Intheseoffences,itisirrelevantthatthechildmayhaveconsented.
Sexualactivitywithachild
BySOA2003,s9(1),apersonagedeighteenorover(A)commitsanoffenceif:
(a) heintentionallytouchesanotherperson(B);
872 Sexualoffences,childabductionandkidnapping
(b) thetouchingissexual;and
(c) either:
(i) B is under sixteen and A does not reasonably believe that B is sixteen or
over;or
(ii) Bisunderthirteen.
Amoreseriousoffenceiscommittedifthetouchinginvolved:
(a) penetrationofB’sanusorvaginawithapartofA’sbodyoranythingelse;
(b) penetrationofB’smouthwithA’spenis;
(c) penetrationofA’sanusorvaginawithapartofB’sbody;or
(d) penetrationofA’smouthwithB’spenis.
Theexceptionsfromliabilityforaiding,abettingorcounsellingunderSOA2003,
s73,describedonp868,applytosuchanoffence.
Causingorincitingachildtoengageinsexualactivity
BySOA2003,s10(1),apersonagedeighteenorover(A)commitsanoffenceif:
(a) heintentionallycausesorincitesanotherperson(B)toengageinanactivity;
(b) theactivityissexual;and
(c) either:
(i) B is under sixteen and A does not reasonably believe that B is sixteen or
over;or
(ii) Bisunderthirteen.
Amoreseriousoffenceiscommittediftheactivitycausedorincitedinvolved:
(a) penetrationofB’sanusorvagina(withapartofthebodyoranythingelse);
(b) penetrationofB’smouthwithaperson’spenis;
(c) penetrationofaperson’sanusorvaginawithapartofB’sbodyorbyBwithany-
thingelse;or
(d) penetrationofaperson’smouthwithB’spenis.
Engaginginsexualactivityinthepresenceofachild
BySOA2003,s11(1),apersonagedeighteenorover(A)commitsanoffenceif:
(a) heintentionallyengagesinanactivity;
(b) theactivityissexual;
(c) forthepurposeofobtainingsexualgratification,heengagesinit:
(i) when another person (B)is present or is in a place from which A can be
observed;and
(ii) knowingorbelievingthatBisaware,orintendingthatBshouldbeaware,
thatheisengaginginit;and
(d) either:
(i) B is under sixteen and A does not reasonably believe that B is sixteen or
over;or
(ii) Bisunderthirteen.
Childsexoffences 873
‘Observed’in(c)andelsewhereintheActmeansobservationwhetherdirectorby
lookingatanimageproducedbyanymeans.
Causingachildtowatchasexualact
BySOA2003,s12(1),apersonagedeighteenorover(A)commitsanoffenceif:
(a) forthepurposeofobtainingsexualgratification,heintentionallycausesanother
person(B)towatchathirdpersonengaginginanactivity,ortolookatanimage
ofanypersonengaginginanactivity;
(b) theactivityissexual;and
(c) either:
(i) B is under sixteen and A does not reasonably believe that B is sixteen or
over,or
(ii) Bisunderthirteen.
‘Image’in(a),andelsewhereintheAct,includesamovingorstillimage,however
produced,and,where—ashere—thecontextpermits,athree-dimensionalimage.It
doesnotincludewrittenmaterial.Referencestoanimageofapersonincluderefer-
encestoanimageofanimaginaryperson.
Childsexoffencescommittedbychildrenoryoungpersons
BySOA2003,s13(1),apersonundereighteencommitsanoffenceifhedoesanything
whichwouldbeanoffenceunderSOA2003,ss9to12ifhewereagedeighteen.Itis,
however,alessseriousoffencethanthoseoffences.Theexceptionsfromliabilityfor
aiding,abettingorcounsellingundertheSOA2003(p868)applytothisoffence.
Arrangingorfacilitatingthecommissionofachildsexoffence
BySOA2003,s14(1),apersoncommitsanoffenceif:
(a) heintentionallyarrangesorfacilitatessomethingthatheintendstodo,intends
anotherpersontodo,orbelievesthatanotherpersonwilldo,inanypartofthe
world;and
(b) doingitwillinvolvethecommissionofanoffenceunderSOA2003,ss9to13.
SOA2003,s14(2)and(3)providesexceptionsforpeoplewhoseektoprotectachild
frompregnancyorsexuallytransmitteddiseaseortoprotectachild’sphysicalsafetyor
togiveitadvice,wheretheydonotintendthatthechildwillcommitanoffenceunder
SOA2003,ss9to13butbelievethatitwill.
TheexceptionsarepartofathemewhichliesattheheartoftheAct:thepromotion
oftheprotectionofthosewhoarevulnerable.
Apersondoesnotcommitanoffenceunders14if:
(a) heintentionallyarrangesorfacilitatessomethingthathebelievesanotherperson
willdo,butthathedoesnotintendtodoorintendanotherpersontodo;and
(b) anyoffencewithinss9to13whichthedoingofthatthingwouldinvolvewouldbe
anoffenceagainstachildforwhoseprotectionheacts.
874 Sexualoffences,childabductionandkidnapping
Inthiscontext,apersonactsfortheprotectionofachildifheactsforthepurposeof:
(a) protectingthechildfromsexuallytransmittedinfection;
(b) protectingthephysicalsafetyofthechild;
(c) preventingthechildfrombecomingpregnant;or
(d) promotingthechild’semotionalwell-beingbythegivingofadvice,
andnotforthepurposeofobtainingsexualgratificationorforthepurposeofcaus-
ingorencouragingtheactivityconstitutinganoffencewithinss9to13orthechild’s
participationinit.
Examples of conduct falling within s14(3) would be giving an under-age boy a
condom(ifdoneforthepurposeofprotectingtheboyagainstasexually-transmitted
infection,butnotifdonetoprotecttheboyagainsttheriskofhissixteen-year-old
girlfriendbecomingpregnant); giving an under-agegirl a condom(if donefor the
purpose of protecting her against a sexually-transmitted infection or pregnancy);
givingadvice(egbyan‘agonyaunt’orcounsellor)toanunder-agechildorchildren
aboutprotectedsex(ifdoneforthepurposeofprotectionagainstsexually-transmitted
infection,or,wheretheadviceisgiventoagirl,pregnancy,ortopromotethechild’s
emotionalwell-being).
Meetingachildfollowingsexualgroomingwithaviewtoengaging
insexualactivitywithit
Paedophileshavenotbeenslowtomakeuseoftheinternettogainthetrustandcon-
fidenceofchildrenin‘chatroomconversations’andtherebytobefriendthem.Typic-
ally,thepaedophilepretendsthatheisateenagersharingthesameinterestsandthen
arrangesameetingwiththechild.Grooming,however,isnotlimitedtotheinternet.
SOA2003,s15(1)dealswithgroomingbyprovidingthatapersonagedeighteenor
over(A)commitsanoffenceif:
(a) havingmetorcommunicatedwithanotherperson(B)anywhereintheworldon
atleasttwoearlieroccasions,he:
(i) intentionallymeetsB;or
(ii) travelswiththeintentionofmeetingBinanypartoftheworld;
(b) atthetime,heintendstodoanythingtoorinrespectofB,duringorafterthe
meeting,andinanypartoftheworld,whichifdonewillinvolvethecommission
byAofanyoffencedescribedinthischapterorunderthecorrespondinglawof
NorthernIrelandorofanothercountry;
(c) Bisundersixteen;and
(d) AdoesnotreasonablybelievethatBissixteenorover.
ABUSEOFPOSITIONOFTRUST
Abuseofpositionoftrust:sexualactivitywithachild
Provided that he has any necessary mens rea, a person aged eighteen or over (A)
commitsanoffenceunderSOA2003,s16(1)if:
(a) heintentionallytouchesanotherperson(B);