Sexual Harassment Of Working Women: A Case Of Sex Discrimination

336 Pages·1979·48.415 MB·English

by  Catharine A. MacKinnon

Digitized by the Internet Archive
2012
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Sexual Harassment of Working Women

Sexual Harassment of Working Women
A Case of Sex Discrimination
Catharine A, MacKinnon
Foreword by Thomas I. Emerson
New Haven and London, Yale University Press
.
©
Copyright 1979byYaleUniversity.Allrightsreserved. This
bookmaynotbereproduced, inwholeorinpart, inanyform
(beyondthatcopyingpermittedbySections ioyand108ofthe
U.S. CopyrightLawandexceptbyreviewersforthepublic
press), withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublishers.
DesignedbyThos. Whitridgeandsetin VIPBaskerville
type. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyTheMurray
PrintingCompany, Westford, Massachusetts.
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
MacKinnon, CatharineA
Sexualharassmentofworkingwomen.
Includesindex.
—
1. Sexd—iscriminationinemployment Lawand
legislati—on UnitedStates. 2—. Sexdiscrimination
against Lawandlegislation UnitedStates. I. Title.
KF3467.M3 344,.73,oi4 78-9645
ISBN0-300-02298-0
ISBN0-300-02299-9pbk.
13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4
8
Contents
Foreword by Thomas I. Emerson vii
Preface xi
Introduction
1 1
Women's Work
2 9
Horizontal Segregation 10
Vertical Stratification 12
Income Inequality 13
Sex-Defined Work 18
3 Sexual Harassment: The Experience 25
Quid Pro Quo 32
Condition of Work 40
Impact of Sexual Harassment 47
4 Sexual Harassment Cases 57
Statement of Cases 59
Critique of Cases 83
Personal 83
Natural/Biological 90
Not a Policy 92
Administrative Concerns 95
5 Legal Context 101
Two Theories of Sex Discrimination 106
Sex Differences jc»7
Sex Inequality 1 16
The Two Approaches Compared
1 1
The Two Approaches Applied: Race and Sex 127
5
vi Contents
6 Sexual Harassment as Sex Discrimination 143
What Is Sex? 149
Legal Approaches Other Than Discrimination 158
Criminal Law 161
Tort Law 164
Sexual Harassment as Sex Discrimination: An Inequality
Argument
174
Tradition 174
Sex Roles 178
Sexuality 182
Sexual Harassment as Sex Discrimination: A Differences
Argument 192
Disparate Treatment 193
Intent and Motive 198
Gay and Bisexual Harassment 200
Disparate Impact 206
Sexual Harassment Is Employment Discrimination 208
7 Conclusion 2
1
AppendixA Application of theTwoTheoriestoSex
Discrimination Doctrine 223
Appendix B A Brief 233
Notes 239
Index 305