Sexual dimorphism / monograph

149 Pages·2013·10.09 MB·English

by  Moriyama

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM
Edited by
Hiroshi Moriyama
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM

Edited by Hiroshi Moriyama
Sexual Dimorphism
Edited by Hiroshi Moriyama
Contributors
Chelsea M. Berns, Angel Alonso Romero-López, Miguel Angel Morón, Hugo A.
Benítez, Hirokazu Ozawa, Katsumasa Muneoka, Makiko Kuwagata, Freddy Moreno-
Gómez,
Hiroshi Moriyama
Copyright © 2015 Second Edition
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Notice
Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual
contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is
accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The
publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property
arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the
book.
First published March, 2013 second - 2015
ISBN-10: 953-51-1075-6
ISBN-13: 978-953-51-1075-0

Contents

Preface VII
Chapter 1 The Evolution of Sexual Dimorphism: Understanding
Mechanisms of Sexual Shape Differences 1
Chelsea M. Berns
Chapter 2 Sexual Dimorphism in Antennae
of Mexican Species of Phyllophaga
(Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae) 17
Angel Alonso Romero-López and Miguel Angel Morón
Chapter 3 Sexual Dimorphism
Using Geometric Morphometric Approach 35
Hugo A. Benítez
Chapter 4 The History of Sexual Dimorphism in Ostracoda
(Arthropoda, Crustacea) Since the Palaeozoic 51
Hirokazu Ozawa
Chapter 5 Sexual Dimorphism in Monoamine Metabolism in
BrdU-Treated Rats Showing Behavioral Dopamine
Hypersensitivity: An Animal Model of Schizophrenia 81
Katsumasa Muneoka and Makiko Kuwagata
Chapter 6 Sexual Dimorphism in Human Teeth from
Dental Morphology and Dimensions:
A Dental Anthropology Viewpoint 97
Freddy Moreno-Gómez
Chapter 7 The Relationship Between Sexually Dimorphic
Peripheral Nerves and Diseases 125
Hiroshi Moriyama

Preface

The first scientist to raise scientific questions about sex differences was Charles Robert
Darwin, as part of his research into differences among members of the same species.
Since Darwin’s research, many scientists have studied sex differences and concluded
that there are two different states for females and males. One is the sex difference,
which is biological and congenital, based on genes and completed by hormones. The
other difference is gender, which is social, cultural, acquired, not based on genes, but
rather shaped by environmental factors. Scientists have argued whether the
differences between females and males are innate or occur after birth, when
differences are influenced by the environment, that is to say - “Nature or Nurture”.
For example, Sigmund Freud made the famous remark “Anatomy is destiny”, whereas
Simone de Beauvoir claimed that “One is not born a woman, but becomes one.” I do
not believe that females and males are shaped solely by nature or nurture; rather, I
believe that they are formed out of the interaction between nature and nurture.
Therefore, this book offers new ideas not only to life scientists and biologists, but also
to social and cultural scientists.
It has become clear in recent years that sex differences and similarities in biology have
influenced physiological and pathological functions. However, there have been few
reports on intentional studies of sex differences, and many reports have been
published as by-products of other kinds of research. Sex difference specialists in their
own respective fields contributed to this book. They have chosen not only humans as
the subjects of their studies, but other mammals, birds, amphibians, insects, and
extended the scope to ostracoda in the Paleozoic era. Moreover, they have used
original methods in individual studies. My own contribution offers somewhat
different data on sex differences to readers.
Nowadays, studies in life science are not complete without factoring in sex differences.
Researchers have been exploring new medical treatments under the assumption that
physical characteristics in females are different from those in males. I hope that this
book will be able to contribute to the advancement of life science and the progress of
gender-specific medicine.
I offer my thanks to the production team at InTech, under the leadership of Oliver
Kurelic and Natalia Reinic, for their guidance, professionalism and unfailing support.
VIII Preface

In what has truly been a team effort, it is difficult to single out individuals for special
mention.
I am also grateful to Ikuko Moriyama, librarian and my long-suffering wife, for
assistance in preparing the manuscript, and her patience and tolerance throughout the
last two years.

Hiroshi Moriyama
Showa University
School of Medicine
Japan

Chapter 1
The Evolution of Sexual Dimorphism:
Understanding Mechanisms of Sexual
Shape Differences
Chelsea M. Berns
Additional information is available at the end of the chapter
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55154
1. Introduction
Understanding the origin of biodiversity has been a major focus in evolutionary and
ecological biology for well over a century and several patterns and mechanisms have been
proposed to explain this diversity. Particularly intriguing is the pattern of sexual
dimorphism, in which males and females of the same species differ in some trait. Sexual
dimorphism (SD) is a pattern that is seen throughout the animal kingdom and is exhibited
in a myriad of ways. For example, differences between the sexes in coloration are common
in many organisms [1] ranging from poeciliid fishes [2] to dragon flies [3] to eclectus parrots
(see Figure 1).
A B

Figure 1. A) Male Eclectus (© Stijn De Win/Birding2asia)
B) Female Eclectus (© James Eaton/Birdtour Asia)