Sexual Abuse: Breaking the Silence

245 Pages·2012·6.82 MB·English

by  Ersi Abacı Kalfoğlu

SEXUAL ABUSE –
BREAKING THE SILENCE

Edited by
Ersi Abacı Kalfoğlu
and Rehat Faikoglu
SEXUAL ABUSE –
BREAKING THE SILENCE

Edited by Ersi Abacı Kalfoğlu
and Rehat Faikoglu
Sexual Abuse – Breaking the Silence
Edited by Ersi Abacı Kalfoğlu and Rehat Faikoglu

Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

Copyright © 2012 InTech
All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for
commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which
ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work
has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in
any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the
work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify
the original source.

As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published
chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly
credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications.

Notice
Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors
and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the
accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no
responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any
materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.

Publishing Process Manager Dejan Grgur
Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic
Cover Designer InTech Design Team

First published March, 2012
Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]

Sexual Abuse – Breaking the Silence, Edited by Ersi Abacı Kalfoğlu and Rehat Faikoglu
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0425-4

Contents

Part 1 The Psychology of Sexual Victimization 1
Chapter 1 A Review of Childhood Abuse
Questionnaires and Suggested Treatment Approaches 3
Donald J. Levis
Chapter 2 Sexual Abuse Histories Among
Incarcerated Older Adult Offenders: A Descriptive Study 21
Mary Beth Morrissey, Deborah Courtney and Tina Maschi
Chapter 3 A Salutogenic Approach to
Healing Following Child Sexual Assault 33
Sheryle Vilenica and Jane Shakespeare-Finch
Chapter 4 Do Alexithymia,
Dissociation, and CSA Explain the
Controversial Topic of Memory Recovery? 57
Peter Paul Moormann, Francine Albach and Bob Bermond
Chapter 5 Gender Differences in the Impact of
Child Sexual Abuse on Alexithymia, Dissociation and Self 75
Peter Paul Moormann, Francine Albach,
Bob Bermond, Annemieke van Dijke, Jakob de Jong,
Jaco Wineke, Kalliopi Metta and Argyro Karanafti
Part 2 The Physiological Impact of Sexual Assault 93
Chapter 6 Psychobiological Effects of Sexual Abuse 95
Dorie A. Glover, John K. Williams and Kimberly A. Kisler
Chapter 7 Risk Factors in
Sexually Abused Children Reporting to the One Stop
Centre at University Teaching Hospital in Zambia 113
Elwyn Chomba
VI Contents

Chapter 8 How Do We Recognize Recent Sexual
Abuse in Children Less than 10 Years of Age?
What Is the Role of Paediatric Wards?
Experience in a French Paediatric Hospital 127
G. Picherot, N. Vabres, J. Fleury, E. Launay and C. Gras-Leguen
Chapter 9 Childhood Sexual Abuse and
Adult Physical and Dental Health Outcomes 137
Kathleen Monahan and Carol Forgash
Chapter 10 Child Sexual Abuse and
Its Implications for Children’s Health 153
Lia Leão Ciuffo and Benedita Maria Rêgo Deusdará Rodrigues
Part 3 Culturally Diverse Attitudes in Coping with Assault 167
Chapter 11 Coping with an Experience of Child Sexual Abuse:
Perspectives of Young Female Survivors in South Africa 169
Nareadi Phasha
Chapter 12 What Went Wrong at
Ohel Children’s Home – and What Can Be Done
About Its Failure to Protect Jewish Children from Abuse? 183
Amy Neustein and Michael Lesher
Chapter 13 Researching Sexual Abuse
in Societies in Which Sexuality Is Regarded
as Taboo: Difficulties and Proposed Solutions 201
Murat Topbaş and Gamze Çan
Chapter 14 Considering the Sexual
Harassment as an Equivalent Incestuous 209
Claudio Cohen and Adriana Esturaro
Chapter 15 Sexual Abuse of Live-In Care Workers in Taiwan 232
Shu-Man Pan and Jung-Tsung Yang

Part 1
The Psychology of Sexual Victimization

1
A Review of Childhood Abuse Questionnaires
and Suggested Treatment Approaches
Donald J. Levis
Binghamton University (SUNY)
USA
1. Introduction
The focus of this chapter is on providing a review of childhood sexual abuse, physical abuse
and combined abuse assessment questionnaires. Prevalence rates of childhood abuse in the
United States will also be provided along with symptom and diagnostic correlates found to
be associated with a childhood history of abuse. The following seven abuse screens are
reviewed. (1) The Rape Aftermath Symptom Test; (2) The Scarlett O’Hara v. MMPI
Configuration; (3) The Child Abuse and Trauma Scale; (4) The Childhood Trauma
Questionnaire; (5) The Trauma Symptom Checklist; (6) The Trauma Symptom Inventory;
and (7) The Binghamton Abuse Screen. Finally, a brief discussion of two recommended
adult childhood abuse survivor treatment approaches, cognitive behavior therapy and
prolonged exposure techniques will be provided.
2. The prevalence of childhood abuse
Demause (1991) found following a comprehensive review of the literature that agreement
exists between social scientists and historians that probation against incest within the
immediate family can be found in every known culture. He concluded that it is incest and
related forms of childhood abuse itself, not the absence of incest, which represents the true
universal statement. Demause’s review found that statistical reviews of child molestation in
the United States only go back to 1929. He noted that the official incidence figures from the
American Humane Association, working from reports from child protective agencies,
estimated only 7,000 incidents of child abuse occurred in the United States for 1976. These
estimates rose steadily to 113,000 incidents for 1985, which at that time, represented under
one percent of American children. It was not until the late 1970’s and early 1980’s that
careful studies began to emerge with samples large enough to warrant statistical analysis.
Once these studies were published, the mental health field was altered to the alarming,
frequent and disturbing prevalence rates of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and physical
abuse (CPA) in our society. Estimates were made that one in five women and one in eleven
men had experienced some form of childhood abuse (CA) prior to the age of eighteen
(Doyle-Peters, Wyatt & Finkelhor, 1986; Wyatt & Doyle-Peters, 1986; Martin, Jesse, Romans,
Mullen, & O’Shea, 1993). The magnitude of these earlier reported (CA) prevalence rates
were confirmed by later research. For example, Finkelhor, Hotaling, Lewis & Smith (1990)
suggested that as many as 27% of all women and 16% of men have experienced some form