Services : statistics on international transactions = Services : statistiques sur les échanges internationaux.

404 Pages·1996·2.355 MB·English

by  OECD

E
STATISTICS DIRECTORATE
DIRECTION DES STATISTIQUES
D
SERVICES
C
STATISTICS
ON INTERNATIONAL
O
TRANSACTIONS
1987-1996
u
D
SERVICES
C STATISTIQUES
SUR LES ÉCHANGES
E
INTERNATIONAUX
O
1 9 9 8
E D I T I O N
STATISTICS DIRECTORATE EUROSTAT
DIRECTION DES STATISTIQUES
SERVICES
STATISTICS
ON INTERNATIONAL
TRANSACTIONS
1987-1996
STATISTIQUES
´
SUR LES ECHANGES
INTERNATIONAUX
1 9 9 8
E D I T I O N
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
STATISTICAL OFFICE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
ORGANISATION DE COOPE´RATION ET DE DE´VELOPPEMENT E´CONOMIQUES
OFFICE STATISTIQUE DES COMMUNAUTE´S EUROPE´ENNES
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
AND DEVELOPMENT
ORGANISATION DE COOPE´RATION
ET DE DE´VELOPPEMENT E´CONOMIQUES
Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention signed in Paris on 14th December 1960, and which came into force
on 30th September 1961, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) shall promote
policies designed:
– to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in
Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the
world economy;
– to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as non-member countries in the process of
economic development; and
– to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in accordance
with international obligations.
The original Member countries of the OECD are Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany,
Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The following countries became Members subsequently
through accession at the dates indicated hereafter: Japan (28th April 1964), Finland (28th January 1969),
Australia (7th June 1971), New Zealand (29th May 1973), Mexico (18th May 1994), the Czech Republic
(21st December 1995), Hungary (7th May 1996), Poland (22nd November 1996) and Korea (12th Decem-
ber 1996). The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD (Article 13 of the
OECD Convention).
En vertu de l’article 1er de la Convention signe´e le 14 de´cembre 1960, a` Paris, et entre´e en vigueur le
30 septembre 1961, l’Organisation de Coope´ration et de De´veloppement E´conomiques (OCDE) a pour objectif de
promouvoir des politiques visant :
– a` re´aliser la plus forte expansion de l’e´conomie et de l’emploi et une progression du niveau de vie dans les
pays Membres, tout en maintenant la stabilite´ financie`re, et a` contribuer ainsi au de´veloppement de
l’e´conomie mondiale;
– a` contribuer a` une saine expansion e´conomique dans les pays Membres, ainsi que les pays non membres,
en voie de de´veloppement e´conomique;
– a` contribuer a` l’expansion du commerce mondial sur une base multilate´rale et non discriminatoire
conforme´ment aux obligations internationales.
Les pays Membres originaires de l’OCDE sont : l’Allemagne, l’Autriche, la Belgique, le Canada,
le Danemark, l’Espagne, les E´tats-Unis, la France, la Gre`ce, l’Irlande, l’Islande, l’Italie, le Luxembourg,
la Norve`ge, les Pays-Bas, le Portugal, le Royaume-Uni, la Sue`de, la Suisse et la Turquie. Les pays suivants sont
ulte´rieurement devenus Membres par adhe´sion aux dates indique´es ci-apre`s : le Japon (28 avril 1964), la Finlande
(28 janvier 1969), l’Australie (7 juin 1971), la Nouvelle-Ze´lande (29 mai 1973), le Mexique (18 mai 1994), la
Re´publique tche`que (21 de´cembre 1995), la Hongrie (7 mai 1996), la Pologne (22 novembre 1996) et la Core´e
(12 de´cembre 1996). La Commission des Communaute´s europe´ennes participe aux travaux de l’OCDE (article 13
de la Convention de l’OCDE).
This compilation (cid:211) OECD 1999
The OECD and the European Communities retain their respective rights in the data contributed to this compilation.
Cette compilation (cid:211) OECD 1999
L’OCDE et les Communaute´s Europe´ennes conservent leurs droits respectifs sur les donne´es figurant dans cette compilation.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction...........................................................................................................................................7
Appendix 1: Joint OECD-Eurostat Trade in Services Classification ..................................................18
Appendix 2: Items estimated by Eurostat for the EU countries...........................................................22
Appendix 3: Correspondance table between BPM4 and BPM5..........................................................24
Section A: Main categories of services.............................................................................................47
A1.1 Total services by country ..........................................................................................................49
A1.2 Total services by category and zone ...........................................................................................51
A2 Transport ...................................................................................................................................54
A2.1 Sea transport .............................................................................................................................56
A2.2 Air transport .............................................................................................................................58
A2.3 Other transport ..........................................................................................................................60
A3 Travel............................................................................................................................................62
A4 Communications services............................................................................................................64
A5 Construction services...................................................................................................................66
A6 Insurance services........................................................................................................................68
A7 Financial services........................................................................................................................70
A8 Computer and information services ............................................................................................72
A9 Royalties and licence fees...........................................................................................................74
A10 Other business services................................................................................................................76
A11 Personal, cultural and rereational services..................................................................................78
A12 Government services n.i.e...........................................................................................................80
Section B: Country tables and notes .................................................................................................83
B.1 Canada..........................................................................................................................................84
B.2 Mexico........................................................................................................................................102
B.3 United States...............................................................................................................................110
B.4 Japan...........................................................................................................................................120
B.5 Korea...........................................................................................................................................132
B.6 Australia......................................................................................................................................140
B.7 New Zealand ..............................................................................................................................154
B.8 Austria........................................................................................................................................166
B.9 Belgium-Luxembourg................................................................................................................178
B.10 Czech Republic...........................................................................................................................190
B.11 Denmark.....................................................................................................................................202
B.12 Finland........................................................................................................................................206
B.13 France ........................................................................................................................................218
B.14 Germany.....................................................................................................................................230
B.15 Greece ........................................................................................................................................242
B.16 Hungary .....................................................................................................................................250
B.17 Iceland .......................................................................................................................................256
Services : International Transactions, 3 Services : Échanges internationaux,
OECD / Eurostat, 1998 OCDE / Eurostat, 1998
B.18 Ireland ........................................................................................................................................266
B.19 Italy.............................................................................................................................................278
B.20 Netherlands.................................................................................................................................290
B.21 Norway ......................................................................................................................................302
B.22 Poland ........................................................................................................................................314
B.23 Portugal ......................................................................................................................................322
B.24 Spain...........................................................................................................................................334
B.25 Sweden ......................................................................................................................................344
B.26 Switzerland.................................................................................................................................356
B.27 Turkey ........................................................................................................................................366
B.28 United Kingdom.........................................................................................................................372
Section C: Supplementary tables - additional data ......................................................................384
Non-EU OECD countries
C.1 Travel...........................................................................................................................................386
C.2 Insurance Services.......................................................................................................................389
C.3 Computer and Information Services............................................................................................394
C.4 Legal, accounting, management consulting and public relations services .................................396
EU
C.5 Services categories for total EU..................................................................................................400
Services : International Transactions, 4 Services : Échanges internationaux,
OECD / Eurostat, 1998 OCDE / Eurostat, 1998
TABLE DES MATIÈRES
Introduction.........................................................................................................................................27
Annexe 1: Classification conjointe OCDE-EUROSTAT des échanges des services..........................39
Annexe 2: Rubriques estimées par Eurostat pour les pays et institutions de l'Union Européenne......42
Annexe 3: Tableau de correspondance entre la nouvelle (MBP5) et l'ancienne (MBP4)
classification.......................................................................................................................44
Section A: Catégories principales de services..................................................................................47
A1.1 Total services par pays...............................................................................................................49
A1.2 Total services par catégorie et zone............................................................................................51
A2 Transports ...................................................................................................................................54
A2.1 Transports maritimes.................................................................................................................56
A2.2 Transports aériens......................................................................................................................58
A2.3 Autres transports........................................................................................................................60
A3 Voyages........................................................................................................................................62
A4 Services de communication.........................................................................................................64
A5 Services de bâtiment et travaux publics......................................................................................66
A6 Services d’assurance....................................................................................................................68
A7 Services financiers.......................................................................................................................70
A8 Services d’informatique et d’information...................................................................................72
A9 Redevances et droits de licence...................................................................................................74
A10 Autres services aux entreprises...................................................................................................76
A11 Services personnels, culturels et relatifs aux loisirs....................................................................78
A12 Services fournis/reçus des administrations publiques n.c.a. .......................................................80
Section B: Tableaux et notes par pays...............................................................................................83
B.1 Canada..........................................................................................................................................84
B.2 Mexique......................................................................................................................................102
B.3 États-Unis .................................................................................................................................110
B.4 Japon...........................................................................................................................................120
B.5 Corée...........................................................................................................................................132
B.6 Australie......................................................................................................................................140
B.7 Nouvelle Zélande........................................................................................................................154
B.8 Autriche......................................................................................................................................166
B.9 Belgique-Luxembourg................................................................................................................178
B.10 République tchèque....................................................................................................................190
B.11 Danemark....................................................................................................................................202
B.12 Finlande......................................................................................................................................206
B.13 France ........................................................................................................................................218
B.14 Allemagne...................................................................................................................................230
B.15 Grèce ........................................................................................................................................242
B.16 Hongrie ......................................................................................................................................250
B.17 Islande ........................................................................................................................................256
Services : International Transactions, 5 Services : Échanges internationaux,
OECD / Eurostat, 1998 OCDE / Eurostat, 1998
B.18 Irlande ........................................................................................................................................266
B.19 Italie............................................................................................................................................278
B.20 Pays Bas......................................................................................................................................290
B.21 Norvège......................................................................................................................................302
B.22 Pologne.......................................................................................................................................314
B.23 Portugal ......................................................................................................................................322
B.24 Espagne.......................................................................................................................................334
B.25 Suède...........................................................................................................................................344
B.26 Suisse..........................................................................................................................................356
B.27 Turquie........................................................................................................................................366
B.28 Royaume-Uni..............................................................................................................................372
Section C: Tableaux supplémentaires - données additionnelles...................................................384
Pays non-UE OCDE
C.1 Voyages.......................................................................................................................................386
C.2 Services d’assurance....................................................................................................................389
C.3 Services d’informatique et d’information ...................................................................................394
C.4 Services juridiques, de comptabilité, de conseil en gestion et de relations publiques ...............396
UE
C.5 Catégories de services pour le total UE.......................................................................................400
Services : International Transactions, 6 Services : Échanges internationaux,
OECD / Eurostat, 1998 OCDE / Eurostat, 1998
INTRODUCTION
This is the first edition of a joint publication on statistics of international trade in services by the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Statistical Office of the
European Communities (Eurostat). It reflects the efforts made over the past decade to adapt
classifications to changes in the nature of service products traded, to increase consistency between
different international statistical systems, to harmonise data collection procedures and improve
comparability as well as to reduce the response burden placed upon reporting countries.
This publication replaces the former OECD annual volume Services : Statistics on International
Transactions which has been published since 1992. Its title has not been changed since its aim
remains the same, i.e. assembling and disseminating balance of payments data at the most detailed
level available on transactions of services between residents of the reporting country and
nonresidents.
An important new feature of the publication is the implementation of the 1993 Fifth Edition of the
Balance of Payments Manual of the International Monetary Fund (BPM5) and the OECD-Eurostat
Trade in Services classification (given in Appendix 1). The OECD-Eurostat classification is closely
linked to the BPM5, its conceptual framework is identical to that of the BPM5, items at the one-digit
level of the classification are the same as the standard components of the services part of
classification of the Fifth Manual, items at the two and three digit level are fully compatible with the
standard components and their sub-items. The OECD-Eurostat Trade in Services classification may
therefore be seen as a more disaggregated version of the IMF balance of payments classification. As
yet, all countries are not in a position to fully provide all the detailed data required in the OECD-
Eurostat classification. It can be expected that the resulting missing data will over time be
progressively compiled.
Another new feature of the publication is that the statistical tables have a standardised presentation
for all service categories and all countries and cover a ten year period from 1987 to 1996. All data are
shown in current values. Data are submitted directly to the OECD by the non-EU OECD Member
countries and are published without any further changes. Data for the fifteen European Union (EU)
countries are transmitted to the OECD by Eurostat. The data are submitted directly to Eurostat by the
EU countries and in some cases have been adjusted - corrected or estimated - by Eurostat in order to
enable the calculation of EU totals. A Table showing the items which Eurostat estimates for the EU
countries is given in Appendix 2. Data adjusted by Eurostat are only published in the country Tables
if they have been explicitly approved by the country concerned. This work-sharing procedure ensures
that data shown in the present publication and those published by Eurostat in their publications on
international trade in services1 are the same. This feature should better satisfy users’ requirements.
To the same effect, comparable zone totals for the EU and the OECD countries are published in a
single volume. It should also be noted that though conceptually the OECD-Eurostat publication and
the IMF Balance of Payments Yearbook are totally consistent, some discrepancies in values may
appear between figures shown in both publications due to reporting and recording of data at different
dates.
Services : International Transactions, 7 Services : Échanges internationaux,
OECD / Eurostat, 1998 OCDE / Eurostat, 1998
Structure of the publication
The publication is divided into three sections:
Section A, Main Categories of Services, contains tables showing the current values (net, credits,
debits) of international transactions of total services by country (Table A.1.1.) and total services by
category of service and economic zone (Table A.1.2). Table A.1.2 also includes ratios showing
international service transactions of the European Economic zones (EU15, EU12 and EUR11) as a
percentage of international service transactions of the OECD area, and intra-zone ratios showing the
relative importance of international transactions of services compared to goods within each zone. The
share of services in the current account is also given. Tables A.2 to A.12 provide data for the
individual standard components of the BPM5 by country at the one digit level of the classification.
Transport is the only item to be further broken down into sea, air and other transport. Data are
expressed in millions of US dollars and zone totals are calculated where possible.
Section B, Country Tables, provides data for 28 OECD Member countries2. The Czech Republic,
Hungary, Korea and Poland are included for the first time. Countries are requested to submit data at
the most detailed level possible according to the OECD-Eurostat trade in services classification. For
analytical purposes, the tables also include non-service items: total goods, income, current transfers,
total Current account, Capital account and Financial account, and Net errors and omissions. Ratios
between international transactions of services and goods and the percentage share of services in the
Current account are calculated. Data are provided for as many years as possible. For the non-EU
OECD countries, the backdating of series to conform to BPM5 norms, is done by the countries
themselves. For the EU Member countries still using the BPM4 methodology, data are converted by
Eurostat to BPM5 by using the correspondence table between BPM4 and BPM5 given in Appendix 3.
Data are expressed in national currency, when reported by countries in their national unit of account
and in US dollars. The exchange rate used for conversion from national currency to US dollars is
given on the bottom line of each table. It corresponds to the annual average of daily averages of spot
rates quoted for the US dollar on national markets expressed in national currency units per US dollar3.
Explanatory notes, following each country table, provide information on national data sources and
point out deviations from the BPM5 classification and definitions which have been reported by
countries. The coding system is that agreed upon by the IMF, OECD and Eurostat for standard
components, subcomponents and memorandum items of the BPM5 classification of services and the
OECD-Eurostat Trade in Services classification . Nevertheless, two items have been added to these
classifications i.e. Other services, total, code 981 and Services not allocated, code 982, the former to
show the order of magnitude of services other than transportation and travel, the latter, provided by
Eurostat, as a balancing item for services which EU countries have not been able to allocate to items
of the classification.
Section C, Supplementary Tables show additional sub-items to those given in the standard tables
for non-EU OECD countries for Travel, Insurance services, Computer services , Legal, accounting,
management consulting and public relations services for those countries which provide the data.
Transactions are expressed in national currency and in US dollars. A supplementary Table for the EU
countries is also provided. It gives ten year data series, showing EU totals, at the same level of detail
as in the standard Tables in section B, which cannot be derived from the individual Country Tables
Services : International Transactions, 8 Services : Échanges internationaux,
OECD / Eurostat, 1998 OCDE / Eurostat, 1998
due to missing data for some countries. These totals are obtained by estimating unpublished national
data (see Appendix 2). Total EU data are presented for the sub-items of Sea and Air transport, Other
business services, Personal, cultural and recreational services and Income. Net figures for the
Capital account, the Financial account and Net errors and omissions are also provided. Transactions
are expressed in US dollars.
Differences between the Fourth and the Fifth Manual
Some changes from the fourth to the fifth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual directly affect
the classification and recording of international service transactions.
In contrast to the fourth edition, the fifth edition makes a clear distinction in the current account
between international transactions in services and transactions in income. In the fourth edition,
labour and nonfinancial property income were grouped together with services other than shipment,
other transportation and travel, and investment income was covered separately. In the fifth edition,
the two main components of income flows between residents and nonresidents - compensation of
employees and investment income - are separately identified as current account components. In
BPM4, labour income included nonresident workers expenditures, in addition to the workers’
earnings; in BPM5, workers’ earnings are classified under compensation of employees in the income
category and their expenditures are classified under travel services. In BPM4, compensation of
resident staff of foreign embassies and military bases, and of international organisations, was
included under government services; this compensation is classified as a credit in compensation of
employees in BPM5.
The component list of transactions in services is expanded to reflect the growing importance of new
service products and the contributions of various international fora in the development of a codified
list to meet the needs of, and provide links between separate statistical systems4.
The current account no longer includes capital transfers. It now encompasses transactions with
nonresidents in goods, services, income, and the receipts/payments of current transfers. Since some
countries have not yet been able to implement the distinction between current and capital transfers, a
provisional option has been taken to include the former BPM4 unrequited transfers under the heading
current transfers. This is indicated in the Tables by a footnote.
The coverage of goods in BPM5 has been expanded to include (a) the value of goods (on a gross
basis) received/sent for processing and their subsequent export/import in the form of processed goods;
(b) the value of repairs on goods; (c) the value of goods procured in ports by carriers. In BPM45, the
net value of goods imported for processing and subsequently re-exported was included in processing
services; repairs of goods and goods procured in ports by carriers were also included under services.
BPM5 also changes the classification of payments for the use of patents, copyrights, and similar
nonfinancial intangible assets. These are now classified as subcomponents of other services in
BPM56 and not as property income as in BPM4.
Services : International Transactions, 9 Services : Échanges internationaux,
OECD / Eurostat, 1998 OCDE / Eurostat, 1998