servation in southern Africa tion in southern Africa

81 Pages·2006·0.87 MB·English

LLLLLooooocccccaaaaalllll cccccooooommmmmmmmmmuuuuunnnnniiiiitttttiiiiieeeeesssss,,,,, eeeeeqqqqquuuuuiiiiitttttyyyyy aaaaannnnnddddd cccccooooonnnnn-----
ssssseeeeerrrrrvvvvvaaaaatttttiiiiiooooonnnnn iiiiinnnnn sssssooooouuuuuttttthhhhheeeeerrrrrnnnnn AAAAAfffffrrrrriiiiicccccaaaaa
EEEEEdddddiiiiittttteeeeeddddd bbbbbyyyyy WWWWWeeeeebbbbbsssssttttteeeeerrrrr WWWWWhhhhhaaaaannnnndddddeeeee,,,,, TTTTThhhhheeeeemmmmmbbbbbeeeeelllllaaaaa KKKKKeeeeepppppeeeee aaaaannnnnddddd MMMMMaaaaarrrrrssssshhhhhaaaaallllllllll MMMMMuuuuurrrrrppppphhhhhrrrrreeeeeeeeee
Theme on Indigenous and Local Communities,
Equity and Protected Areas
Local communities,
equity and conservation
in southern Africa:
A synthesis of lessons learnt and recommendations
from a southern African technical workshop
E
DITED BY
W W (PLAAS),
EBSTER HANDE
T K (PLAAS)
HEMBELA EPE
M M (CASS)
ARSHALL URPHREE
R (cid:145)
EPORT FROM THE COMMUNITIES AND CONSERVATION
: K
IN SOUTHERN AFRICA EY ISSUES AND CHALLENGES TOWARDS
(cid:146) ,
A MORE EQUITABLE AND SUSTAINABLE FUTURE WORKSHOP
TILCEPA
CONSTITUTED AS THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN CHAPTER OF
( IUCN ,
THE THEME ON INDIGENOUS AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES
),
EQUITY AND PROTECTED AREAS TO PREPARE FOR THE WORLD
2003
PARKS CONGRESS TO BE HELD IN SEPTEMBER
P P L A S (PLAAS),
UBLISHED BY THE ROGRAMME FOR AND AND GRARIAN TUDIES
S G , U W C
CHOOL OF OVERNMENT NIVERSITY OF THE ESTERN APE
Local communities, equity and conservation in southern Africa:
A synthesis of lessons learnt and recommendations from a southern
African technical workshop
Published by:
Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS)
School of Government
University of the Western Cape
Private Bag X17
Bellville 7535
Cape Town
South Africa
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.uwc.ac.za/plaas
' Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced
or transferred, in any form or by any means, without
prior permission from the publisher.
First published in 2003
ISBN 1-86808-593-3
Editors: Webster Whande, Thembela Kepe and Marshall Murphree
Design, layout and cover design: Designs for Development
Copy-editing and proofing: Vaun Cornell
Cover illustration: Anne Westoby
Reproduction: Castle Graphics
Printing and binding: Hansa Reproprint
Thanks to the Siemenpua and Ford Foundation who funded the project.
CCCCCooooonnnnnttttteeeeennnnntttttsssss
List of acronyms..............................................................................................................................i
Foreword............................................................................................................................................iii
Statement on local communities, equity and protected areas in
community-conserved areas (CCAs), co-managed protected areas
(CMPAs) and protected areas (PAs)........................................................................................... 1
LESSONS LEARNT AND RECOMMENDATIONS FROM A SOUTHERN AFRICAN
TECHNICAL WORKSHOP.....................................................................................................................3
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................................................5
The southern African context: Thematic issues........................................................................................................................8
ANNEXURE 1: EDITED VERSIONS OF THE PAPERS ...................................................................... 19
Pre-colonial and colonial conservation practices in southern Africa and their legacy today (cid:150) James Murombedzi..........21
Origins and efficacy of modern CBNRM practices in the southern African region (cid:150) Brian Child.....................................33
Lessons learned from the philosophy and practice of CBNRM in southern Africa (cid:150) Brian Jones...................................40
Conditions for effective, stable and equitable conservation at the national level in southern Africa (cid:150) Rowan Martin...53
The impact of regional and international instruments, policies, processes and donors on effective,...............................62
sustainable and equitable conservation in southern Africa (cid:150) Cecil Machena
Annexure 2: List of workshop participants, 26(cid:150)28 February 2003.......................69
LLLLLIIIIISSSSSTTTTT ooooofffff BBBBBoooooxxxxxeeeeesssss
LESSONS LEARNT AND RECOMMENDATIONS FROM A SOUTHERN AFRICAN
TECHNICAL WORKSHOP
Box 1: The role and dynamics of traditional institutions in the management of the Haroni and
Rusitu forests in Chimanimani, Zimbabwe ...........................................................................................................................10
Box 2: Use of indigenous resources and values for poverty alleviation:
The experience of Shewela community, Swaziland.................................................................................................................13
Box 3: Mahenye co-management arrangements: Local community, private sector and government...............................15
Box 4: Wildlife-based land reform as a way to resolve conflicts............................................................................................15
ANNEXURE 1: EDITED VERSIONS OF THE PAPERS
Box 1: Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (Campfire).............................................35
i
LLLLLiiiiisssssttttt ooooofffff aaaaacccccrrrrrooooonnnnnyyyyymmmmmsssss
ADMADE Administrative Design for Management
ART Africa Resources Trust-Zimbabwe
BOCOBONET Botswana Community-Based Organisation Network
BSAC British South Africa Company
Campfire Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CBNRM community-based natural resource management
CBO community-based organisation
CCA community-conserved area
CEESP Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy
CFU Commercial Farmers(cid:146) Union
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna
CMPA co-managed protected area
CMWG Co-Management Working Group
DNPWLM Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management
ETIS Elephant Trade Information System
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
ICA intensive conservation area
ICTSD International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development
IUCN World Conservation Union
LIRDP Luangwa Integrated Resource Development Project
MEA multi-lateral environmental agreement
NACSO Namibian Association of CBNRM Support Organisations
NGO non-governmental organisation
NRB Natural Resources Board
NRM natural resources management
OECD Organisation for Co-operation and Development
PLAAS Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies
SACIM Southern African Centre for Ivory Marketing
SARCCUS Southern African Regional Commission for the Conservation and Utilisation of the Soil
TANAPA Tanzanian National Parks Agency
TBNRM trans-boundary natural resource management
TILCEPA (IUCN) Theme on Indigenous and Local Communities, Equity and Protected Areas
USAID United States Agency for International Development
WCPA World Commission on Protected Areas
Windfall Wildlife Industries New Development for All
WPA Wildlife Producers Association
WPC World Parks Congress
WSSD World Summit on Sustainable Development
WTO World Trade Organization
WWF World Wide Fund for Nature
Zimsun Zimbabwe Sun Group of Hotels
ii
fffffooooorrrrreeeeewwwwwooooorrrrrddddd
The view that protected areas (PAs) are pristine areas Experiences from southern Africa further indicate that
where human action must be controlled (cid:150) and in some the PA and community approaches are complementary in
instances local people thus removed (cid:150) and the history of their contribution to conserving biological diversity. Yet
these areas must be addressed if PAs are to be seen as the efforts of rural people to conserve biological diversity
integral assets for local, national and international goods are rarely officially recognised by governments. It is
and services. The concepts and structures that guided the apparent from the discussions at the technical workshop
development of PAs in the 20th century are inadequate for
that this view has to change and that governments have
the challenges of the 21st century. The constituencies and
to not only recognise community inputs in conservation,
purposes of PAs are changing rapidly and, if they are to
but also protect communities(cid:146) access to these resources.
have a significant place in southern Africa(cid:146)s future
The workshop thus warmly endorsed TILCEPA(cid:146)s (the
politico-economic map, these changes must be ad-
Theme on Indigenous and Local Communities, Equity
dressed.
and Protected Areas) proposals to add a governance
There is a growing trend worldwide towards involving
dimension to The World Conservation Union(cid:146)s (IUCN)
rural communities in managing biological resources. In
list of PA categories, to include community-conserved
this regard, major advances have been made in southern
areas (CCAs) and co-managed protected areas (CMPAs).
Africa and policies and legislation put in place. However,
The active involvement of those living in and around PAs
questions are beginning to be asked about the
can enhance both conservation and development
commitment of governments to ensuring the success of
these community approaches for community develop- objectives. Consequently, PA goals and structures should
ment and biological-diversity conservation through be reviewed to achieve this synergy and CMPAs should be
equitable access to and use of resources. Southern Africa(cid:146)s further developed on the basis of negotiated formal
extensive experience in these community approaches agreements between PAs(cid:146) management and neighbouring
indicates that they are institutionally inhibited by a lack of authorities regarding reciprocal responsibilities and
proprietary devolution. There is a need to give formal benefits. A formal statement summarising these views
recognition and entitlements essential for their effective was adopted by the workshop at its concluding session
management. and is reproduced on the following pages.
iii
SSSSStttttaaaaattttteeeeemmmmmeeeeennnnnttttt
ooooonnnnn lllllooooocccccaaaaalllll cccccooooommmmmmmmmmuuuuunnnnniiiiitttttiiiiieeeeesssss,,,,, eeeeeqqqqquuuuuiiiiitttttyyyyy aaaaannnnnddddd ppppprrrrrooooottttteeeeecccccttttteeeeeddddd aaaaarrrrreeeeeaaaaasssss
iiiiinnnnn cccccooooommmmmmmmmmuuuuunnnnniiiiitttttyyyyy-----cccccooooonnnnnssssseeeeerrrrrvvvvveeeeeddddd aaaaarrrrreeeeeaaaaasssss (((((CCCCCCCCCCAAAAAsssss))))),,,,, cccccooooo-----mmmmmaaaaannnnnaaaaagggggeeeeeddddd
ppppprrrrrooooottttteeeeecccccttttteeeeeddddd aaaaarrrrreeeeeaaaaasssss (((((CCCCCMMMMMPPPPPAAAAAsssss))))) aaaaannnnnddddd ppppprrrrrooooottttteeeeecccccttttteeeeeddddd aaaaarrrrreeeeeaaaaasssss (((((PPPPPAAAAAsssss)))))
aaaaadddddooooopppppttttteeeeeddddd iiiiinnnnn ppppprrrrreeeeetttttooooorrrrriiiiiaaaaa ooooonnnnn 2222288888 FFFFFeeeeebbbbbrrrrruuuuuaaaaarrrrryyyyy 22222000000000033333
11111..... CCCCCooooommmmmmmmmmuuuuunnnnniiiiitttttyyyyy-----cccccooooonnnnnssssseeeeerrrrrvvvvveeeeeddddd 22222..... CCCCCooooo-----mmmmmaaaaannnnnaaaaagggggeeeeeddddd ppppprrrrrooooottttteeeeecccccttttteeeeeddddd
aaaaarrrrreeeeeaaaaasssss aaaaarrrrreeeeeaaaaasssss aaaaannnnnddddd ppppprrrrrooooottttteeeeecccccttttteeeeeddddd
aaaaarrrrreeeeeaaaaasssss
Noting that:
1. There is strong evidence that devolution to the lowest Noting that:
proprietary units delivers substantial institutional, 1. The provision of ecological and socio-economic value
livelihood and conservation benefits. by official, state-declared PAs is currently sub-optimal.
2. Many of the necessary tools, principles and
2. PAs in transitional societies will survive only by
knowledge to take devolution into effect have been
serving the needs of their constituencies, which
developed and tested through a variety of community-
include the conservation of biodiversity, ecosystem
based natural resource management (CBNRM)
services and also a variety of social, economic and
initiatives.
cultural values.
3. Devolution principles and practices have seldom been
3. The trade-offs between biodiversity and socio-
applied to best effect in the southern African region.
economic values are currently exaggerated and the
4. TILCEPA(cid:146)s definition of CCAs as (cid:145)natural and
synergies underestimated.
modified ecosystems including significant biodiversity,
4. Greater involvement of those living in and around
ecological services and cultural values voluntarily
conserved by concerned indigenous and local PAs can contribute to PA and landscape conservation.
communities through customary laws or other 5. In many cases, protected areas can act as local engines
effective means(cid:146) generally corresponds with the for economic and social development.
localised proprietory regimes which CBNRM
6. Integrating protected areas into their surrounding
experience in southern Africa suggests is appropriate
landscapes and generating synergies with local
for many contexts.
communities has advantages in terms of both
5. CCAs can be effective examples of devolution if they performance and accountability.
are provided with the necessary status and
entitlements.
The workshop accordingly recommended that:
1. The goals and governance structures of official, state-
The workshop therefore recommended that:
declared PAs be reviewed to better contribute to the
! CCAs and their associated proprietary rights and objectives of society at large and to enhance local
responsibilities be officially recognised in national and livelihoods, governance and economic development.
international statutes and included as a governance
2. State-declared PAs should provide residents and
form within The World Conservation Union
neighbours with full legitimacy and status in co-
(IUCN) PA category system.
management governance structures.
3. CMPAs should function as subsidiary decision-
making units, uniting legitimate stakeholders,
internalising costs and benefits, and sharing them
fairly through institutional mechanisms, rights and
contractual obligations.
1
local communities, equity and conservation in southern africa
2
llllleeeeessssssssssooooonnnnnsssss llllleeeeeaaaaarrrrrnnnnnttttt

aaaaannnnnddddd rrrrreeeeecccccooooommmmmmmmmmeeeeennnnndddddaaaaatttttiiiiiooooonnnnnsssss

fffffrrrrrooooommmmm aaaaa sssssooooouuuuuttttthhhhheeeeerrrrrnnnnn AAAAAfffffrrrrriiiiicccccaaaaannnnn

ttttteeeeeccccchhhhhnnnnniiiiicccccaaaaalllll wwwwwooooorrrrrkkkkkssssshhhhhoooooppppp

3
local communities, equity and conservation in southern africa
4