Servant Leadership PDF
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Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2017 Servant Leadership: What Makes It an Effective Leadership Model. Janice Poland Tanno Walden University Follow this and additional works at:https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of theBusiness Administration, Management, and Operations Commons,Ethics and Political Philosophy Commons,Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods Commons, and theReligion Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please [email protected]. Walden University College of Management and Technology This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Janice Tanno has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. David Banner, Committee Chairperson, Management Faculty Dr. Stephanie Hoon, Committee Member, Management Faculty Dr. Richard Schuttler, University Reviewer, Management Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2017 Abstract Servant Leadership: What Makes It an Effective Leadership Model by Janice Tanno MS, The American College, Bryn Mawr, 1979, 1985 MS, Loyola University, New Orleans, 1997 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Management Walden University August 2017 Abstract Servant leadership (SL), a universal, ethical leadership style, consistently produces high performance and employee engagement. For the last two decades, lack of business ethics in decision making by senior leaders has resulted in many negative outcomes, such as the WorldCom scandal. The purpose of this descriptive phenomenological study was to identify and report the lived experiences of senior leaders in relation to decision making in SL organizations in the southwestern United States. The study’s theoretical/conceptual foundations encompassed Maslow’s motivation theories, decision theory, spirituality, spiritual intelligence, Cicero’s virtue theory of ethics, and Greenleaf’s SL. Data collection involved the use of semistructured interviews with a purposive sample of 18 participants who were senior leaders of SL organizations. Data analysis employed Giorgi’s method whereby phenomenological reduction revealed meaning units, and psychological reduction reached descriptive psychological structures of experiences by hand coding and integrative data analysis software. Findings confirmed senior leaders’ ethical decision making in SL organizations. Recommendations include addressing ethical decision making in team leadership at the board and operational levels and examining the interrelation of CEO ethical leadership and firm performance. Conclusions reached confirm a prevailing structure of experiences as collaborative, interdependent, egalitarian teamwork, a family metaphor. Application of the findings of this study may result in positive social change by fostering a more ethical, kinder capitalism in everyday life and in building community with more servant leaders and SL organizations. Servant Leadership: What Makes It an Effective Leadership Model by Janice Tanno MS, The American College, Bryn Mawr, 1979, 1985 MS, Loyola University, New Orleans, 1997 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Management Walden University August 2017 Dedication To all the giants who came before, upon whose shoulders I stood during this journey. To Robert K. Greenleaf, for his brilliant conceptualization of servant as leader, primus en pares, in the field of management, leadership, and organizational change. To Abraham Maslow, the eminent psychologist, for his extraordinary, life-changing motivational theories, which have lasting value to humanity. To Cicero, the Greek philosopher, for his teaching on how to live a moral, ethical life and become an ideal business leader. To all the self-transcenders, servant leaders, and good stewards worldwide who strive to make a positive difference in everyday life. To all the truth- seekers, servant leaders, and good stewards who are yet to come. Acknowledgments Dr. David Banner, my faculty chair and mentor, many thanks for your insightful guidance, wisdom, and faith in my ability to complete this journey. Special thanks to the committee members, Dr. Stephanie Hoon, Methodologist, and Dr. Richard Schuttler, URR, for their valuable knowledge in guiding the research methodology and rigor of this study. To the faculty coordinator and the panel of scholars who volunteered their time and talent to participate in the field test of the research questions, thank you. To all the scholars and experts at Walden University who contributed to the completion of this dissertation. Special thanks to my family and community of friends for their unwavering support, and above all to the Holy Spirit, the source of inspiration and empowerment to make this amazing journey. I remain forever in gratitude to all. Table of Contents List of Tables .......................................................................................................................v List of Figures .................................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study ....................................................................................1 Background of the Study ...............................................................................................2 Conceptual Framework ..................................................................................................4 Problem Statement .........................................................................................................5 Purpose Statement ..........................................................................................................6 Research Question .........................................................................................................7 Theoretical Foundation ..................................................................................................7 Nature of the Study ........................................................................................................9 Definitions....................................................................................................................11 Assumptions .................................................................................................................12 Scope and Delimitations ..............................................................................................12 Limitations ...................................................................................................................13 Significance of the Study .............................................................................................14 Significance to Practice......................................................................................... 14 Significance to Theory .......................................................................................... 15 Significance to Social Change .............................................................................. 16 Summary and Transition ..............................................................................................16 Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................................18 Literature Search Strategy............................................................................................18 i Theoretical Foundation ................................................................................................23 Maslow’s Motivation Theories ............................................................................. 23 Decision Theory .................................................................................................... 29 Spirituality............................................................................................................. 33 Spiritual Intelligence ............................................................................................. 39 Cicero’s Virtue Theory of Ethics .......................................................................... 45 Conceptual Framework ................................................................................................47 Background ........................................................................................................... 47 Servant as Leader .................................................................................................. 48 Organization as Servant ........................................................................................ 53 Summary ......................................................................................................................58 Key Concepts ...............................................................................................................60 Organizational Criteria.......................................................................................... 60 Individual Attributes ............................................................................................. 97 Behaviors ............................................................................................................ 105 Attitudes .............................................................................................................. 119 Barriers to Practice .............................................................................................. 123 A Gap in the Literature ..............................................................................................131 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................................................131 Chapter 3: Research Method ............................................................................................136 Research Design and Rationale .................................................................................136 The Role of the Researcher ........................................................................................140 ii Methodology ..............................................................................................................142 Participant Selection Logic ................................................................................. 143 Instrumentation ................................................................................................... 146 Field Test ............................................................................................................ 147 Data Analysis Plan .............................................................................................. 153 Issues of Trustworthiness ...........................................................................................165 Credibility ........................................................................................................... 165 Transferability ..................................................................................................... 167 Dependability ...................................................................................................... 168 Confirmability ..................................................................................................... 169 Ethical Procedures .....................................................................................................169 Chapter 4: Results ............................................................................................................172 Introduction ................................................................................................................172 Purpose .......................................................................................................................172 Demographics ............................................................................................................175 Data Collection ..........................................................................................................176 Data Analysis .............................................................................................................178 Coding…………… ............................................................................................. 180 Evidence of Trustworthiness......................................................................................182 Credibility ........................................................................................................... 183 Transferability ..................................................................................................... 183 Dependability ...................................................................................................... 184 iii
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