Serological Cancer Markers

536 Pages·1992·43.022 MB·English

by  Stewart Sell (auth.), Stewart Sell (eds.)

Serological Cancer Markers
Contemporary Biomedicine
Serological Cancer Markers
Edited by Stewart Sea, 1992
The Red Cell Membrane
Edited by B. U. Raess and Godfrey Tunniclif/, 1990
Handbook of the Hemopoietic Microenvironment
Edited by Mehdi Tavassoli, 1989
Leukolysins and Cancer
Edited by Janet H. Ransom and John R. Ortaldo, 1988
Methods of Hybridoma Formation
Edited by Arie H. Bartal and Yashar Hirshaut, 1987
Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer
Edited by Stewart Sea and RalphA. Reisfeld, 1985
Calcium and Contractility: Smooth Muscle
Edited by A. K. Grover and E. E. Daniel, 1984
Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis Testing
Edited by J. F. Douglas, 1984
The Human Teratomas: Experimental and Clinical Biology
Edited by Ivan Damjanov, Barbara B. Knowles,
and Davor Solter, 1983
Human Cancer Markers
Edited by Stewart Sea and Britta Wahren, 1982
Cancer Markers: Diagnostic and Developmental Significance
Edited by Stewart Sea, 1980
Serological
Cancer Markers
Editedby
Stewart Sell
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,
University of Texas Heahh Science Center, Houston, TX
*
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Humana Press in 1992
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1992
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in
any form OI by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise without written permission from the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Serologica1 cancer markers I edited by Stewart SeU.
p. cm. -- (Contemporary biomedicine)
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-4612-6745-4 ISBN 978-1-4612-0401-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4612-0401-5
1. Tumor markers. I. SeU, Stewart, 1935- . II. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Neoplasms--diagnosis. 2. Tumor markers, Biologica!.
QZ 241 S486]
RC270.3.T84S47 1992
616.99'20756--dc20
DNLMlDLC
for Library of Congress 92-1428
CIP
Dedication
To Professor David Gitlin of the USA and Professor Hidematsu
Hirai of Japan, seen here at the Third Meeting of the International
Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine in Tokyo,
Japan, 1974. Their early work on alpha-fetoprotein, discovered by
Garri I. Abelev of the Soviet Union, set the example for the rest of us.
Preface
The purpose of this book-the fourth volume of a series on Can
cer Markers-is intended to provide an updated "status report" on
today's use of cancer markers in the diagnosis and monitoring of can
cer, with an emphasis on cancer markers detected in the serum. It has
been 7 years since the publication of the last volume in this series. The
1980, 1982, and 1985 volumes covered the development of cancer
markers, not only in their roles of unraveling the basic biology of can
cer, but also as increasingly important players in the management of
patients with cancer. During the last 7 years we have seen the applica
tion of a number of markers identified by monoclonal antibodies, as
well as the beginnings of the use of genetic markers defined by mo
lecular probes. Measurements of oncogenes in tissues or cells prom
ise many applications for the future, but as yet, these genes have not
shown to be useful as serum markers of cancer.
The commercial interest in serum markers for cancer, particu
larly for the diagnosis and monitoring of tumor patients, is indicated
in Chapter 24 by Owen, where the total worldwide market for cancer
markers is projected to increase from $148 million in 1988 to $232
million in 1993. The degree of research interest in cancer markers is
reflected in the fact that in 1988 a separate category for tumor mark
ers was added to Index Medicus. The number of publications in this
category since 1988 is as follows: 608 in 1988, 858 in 1989, and 803
in 1990.
The major focus of the present book is on the "new" cancer mark
ers detected by monoclonal antibodies. Since our 1985 survey, exten
sive application of the use of cancer marker assays in the blood for the
diagnosis, monitoring of therapy, prediction of recurrence, and deter
mination of prognosis has been carried out. Markers detected in the
blood by monoclonal antibody-based tests generally include: carbo
hydrate epitopes (CA 19-9, CA-50, TAG-n, and CA-242); mucin
epitopes (CA 15-3, CA-125, DU-Pan 2, and MCA); and cytoplasmic
proteins (SCC and TPA). The data so far indicate that the carbohy
drate markers are about equivalent to CEA for colorectal cancer, but
somewhat better for pancreatic-biliary cancer. The mucin marker CA
vii
viii Preface
15-3 is slightly better than CEA for detecting metastatic breast cancer,
whereas MCA is about the same as CEA. SCC is elevated in patients
with metastatic epithelial cancers, and this as well as all markers has
its greatest value in monitoring the effect of treatment in patients with
elevated levels caused by malignancy. The present status of these mark
ers is described in detail in separate chapters, and the reader is encour
aged to refer to the designated article for whichever marker is of interest.
The use of all markers for screening high-risk populations for
cancer has been disappointing. The most successful has been alpha
fetoprotein (AFP), along with myeloma paraprotein, the best serum
marker for cancer. In recent studies, particularly in American Eski
mos, AFP determinations have been used to detect liver cancer in
asymptomatic patients, which has led to marked improvement in sur
vival rates following surgical removal of smaller tumors.
It may be predicted that the use of the reagents developed to
measure cancer markers will have an even greater impact on therapy
than on the diagnosis of cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are being used
to direct drugs or isotopes as "magic bullets," to detect clandestine
lesions by specific direction of radioisotopes and immunescintigraphy,
or to remove epitope-bearing cancer cells from cell populations, such
as bone marrow cells, that can then be used for retransplantation into
the patient. Certainly, it may be predicted that the next few years will
see even more applications of cancer markers identified by monoclonal
antibodies than have been seen in the preceding 7 years.
The author would like to thank the leaders of the two major inter
national organizations for the annual meetings on cancer markers, par
ticularly Professor Hidematsu Hirai of the International Society for
Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine (ISOBM) and Professor
Janis Klavins of the International Academy for Tumor Marker Oncol
ogy (IATMO). Their continued enthusiasm has provided outstanding
leadership and an invaluable forum for work in this field. I would also
like to acknowledge discussions with Dr. J. Hilgers, which provided
some stimulating insights and thoughtful ideas for organization.
Stewart Sell
Contents
CH. 1. Cancer Markers of the 199Os: An Introduction,
Suwart SeQ ............................................................ 1
CH. 2. Clinical Cancer Markers: Diagnosis,
Prognosis, and Monitoring,
Manfred L. Liithgens and Peter Oehr ................ 19
CH. 3. Alpha-Fetoprotein in the 1990s,
Kazuh'isa Takem .................................................. 31
Ch. 4. Carcinoembryonic Antigen,
Hanna M. Sikorska, Abraham Fuks,
and Phil GoM ...................................................... 47
CH. 5. Prostate-Specific Antigen,
T. Ming Chu ........................................................ 99
CH. 6. Enzyme Markers,
Doru BaUnsky ................................................... 117
CH. 7. Alkaline Phosphatases as Tumor Markers,
Torgny Stigbrand and Britta Wahren ............... 135
CH.8. Sex-Associated Hormones,
Shah/Q, Masood ................................................. 151
CH.9. TIssue Polypeptide Antigen and Specific TPA,
Peter Oehr, Manfred L. Liithgens,
and Qwn Uu ..................................................... 193
CH. 10. Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate Markers: Chemical
and Physical Basis and Cell Biological Implications,
Sen-itiroh Hakomori ......................................... 207
ix
x Contents
CR. 11. Glycoamines: Structural-Functional
Characterization of a New Class
ofH uman Tumor Markers,
Gennadi V. Glinsky ........................................... 233
CR. 12. CA 15-3 Assay for the Detection of Episialin:
A Serum Marker for Breast Cancer,
John Hilkens ..................................................... 261
CR. 13. Clinical Applications of CA 15-3,
Daniel F. Hayes, Carlo Tondini,
and Donald W. Kufe .......................................... 281
CR. 14. CA 19-9, GICA (Gastrointestinal Cancer Antigen),
Rolf lAmen ....................................................... 309
CR. 15. Mucin-Like Cancer-Associated Antigen (MCA)
as Available Circulating Tumor Marker
for Breast Cancer,
Emilio Bombardieri and Massimo Gion ........... 341
CR. 16. DU-PAN-2: A Clinically Useful Mucin
Marker ofD ifferentiation of Pancreatic
and Other Ductal Cells and Their Tumors,
Richard S. Metzgar, Norio Sawabu,
and Michael A. Hollingsworth .......................... 355
Ch. 17. CA 50,
Caj Haglund, Pentti Kuusela,
Peter J. Roberts, and Hannu Jalanko .............. 375
Ch. 18. TAG-72 as a Tumor Marker,
Jeffrey Schlom, David Colcher,
Diane E. Milenic, Patricia Horan Hand,
John W. Greiner, Masahide Kuroki, Ann Thor,
Alfredo Molinolo, and Noriaki Ohuchi ............... 387
Contents xi
Ch. 19. CA 125,
Fredrick J. Montz .............................................. 417
Ch. 20. CA 242,
Pentti Kuusela, Caj Haglund,
Hannu Jalanko, and Peter J. Roberts .............. 429
Ch.21. Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen,
Hiroshi Kato ...................................................... 437
Ch.22. Tumor-Marker Detection by Isotachophoresis
in Porous Membranes: Bence-Jones Protein
in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma,
IS
Garri I. Abelev and Eleonora R. Karamova ..... 453
Ch.23. Multiple Testing with Cancer Markers,
Adolf L. Pohl ..................................................... 473
Ch. 24. New Cancer Products: Predicting Market Success,
N. Coleman Owen ............................................. 495
Ch.25. Comments,
J. V. Klavins ....................................................... 525
Index ................................................................................... 529