Sepideh Jafarzadeh Energy efficiency and emission abatement in the fishing fleet

211 Pages·2016·7.6 MB·English

Doctoral theses at NTNU, 2016:332
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ISBN 978-82-326-2002-9 (printed version)
ISBN 978-82-326-2003-6 (electronic version)
ISSN 1503-8181
Doctoral theses at N NTNUNorwegian University ofScience and TechnologyFaculty of EngineeringScience and TechnologyDepartment of MarineTechnology
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Sepideh Jafarzadeh
Energy efficiency and emission
abatement in the fishing fleet
Thesis for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor
Trondheim, November 2016
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology
Department of Marine Technology
NTNU
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Thesis for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor
Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology
Department of Marine Technology
© Sepideh Jafarzadeh
ISBN 978-82-326-2002-9 (printed version)
ISBN 978-82-326-2003-6 (electronic version)
ISSN 1503-8181
Doctoral theses at NTNU, 2016:332
Printed by Skipnes Kommunikasjon as
Preface

This thesis is submitted to the Norwegian University of Science and Technology
(NTNU) for partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Philosophiae
Doctor.
The work was carried out at the Department of Marine Technology at NTNU, in
Trondheim, Norway. Professors Harald Ellingsen and Ingrid Bouwer Utne from the
Department of Marine Technology at NTNU were the main supervisor and co-
supervisor, respectively.
NTNU funded the doctoral work. Norwegian Shipowners’ Association Fund and
Anders Jahre’s Grant provided partial funding for attendance to conferences during
the research period.
The target audience of this work include researchers and practitioners interested in
the following areas: energy efficiency and emissions of fishing vessels, Norwegian
fisheries, energy efficiency gap in shipping, LNG-powered vessels, Bond Graph
method, institutional interactions between environmental regulations, and systems
engineering.

Sepideh Jafarzadeh
Trondheim, 2016

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Summary

Operation of fishing vessels is energy demanding. On one hand, fuel costs and
preference of customers for buying “green” seafood products challenge economic
feasibility of fisheries. On the other hand, environmental concerns and regulations
further complicate the situation. All these call for an improved environmental profile
within fisheries. This PhD study aims at contributing to the research body by
focusing on energy efficiency and emission reduction within fisheries.
The topic of emission reduction spans across several disciplines. Different factors,
such as vessel characteristics, regulations, and social aspects affect fuel consumption
and air emissions of fishing vessels. As a result, this PhD study is interdisciplinary.
Since the focus is on several disciplines rather than one specific area, systems thinking
has dominated this study. In this way, the focus is on “the big picture” and various
factors and interactions that affect energy consumption and emissions rather than on
one specific factor.
First, this study focuses on reducing the air emissions indirectly by increasing energy
efficiency of vessels. To set a baseline, it statistically analyses energy efficiency of
Norwegian fisheries in recent years. Then, through literature review and focus
groups, this study investigates barriers that prevent the adoption of energy-efficient
measures that are cost-effective. A framework is also offered to assist ship owners
and operators in alleviating these barriers. Then, the study focuses on increasing the
knowledge of ship owners and operators about the energy efficiency of their vessels
and available measures in order to facilitate their adoption. In this regard, the power
system of a fishing vessel is modelled and simulated to study energy consumption for
various operations.
Second, this study explores the possibility of fuelling fishing vessels by liquefied
natural gas (LNG) and reducing emissions directly. In this regard, this study reviews
the literature to identify pros and cons of using LNG on fishing vessels. Then, the
systems engineering approach is used to increase the knowledge of ship owners, naval
architects, and crew on safety and financial aspects of using LNG. The aim is to assist
these stakeholders to make better-informed decisions when assessing the suitability
of LNG.
The main contributions of this thesis are as follows:
 The analysis of energy efficiency in Norwegian fishing fleet,
 Providing a framework for overcoming the barriers to energy efficiency in
shipping,
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 Investigating interactions between environmental regulations in shipping
and fishing,
 Making a decision-making support that advises on fuel consumption of
vessels and effectiveness of energy-efficient measures, and
 Clarifying the technical aspects of LNG-fuelled systems, their potential
implementation costs, and the expertise and training needed for operating
them in a safe manner.
The results of this study show the benefit of taking a holistic view on the topic of
energy efficiency and emission abatement in fisheries. In this way, “the big picture”
is not lost due to focusing on a single aspect. This approach has the benefit of
investigating the problem from different angles and identifying different influential
elements. In addition, it highlights the interactions among these elements and their
possible effects on the overall environmental performance. Such interactions may be
overlooked by focusing on specific aspects.

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Acknowledgments

No piece of research is feasible without direct and indirect input from others. This
contribution stemmed from the existing knowledge and found its way in
collaboration with other people.
I would like to start with expressing my gratitude to my supervisors, Harald Ellingsen
and Ingrid B. Utne. Thanks to Harald and his family, Anne and Kari, for hosting me
during my first days in Norway. It was such a perfect Norwegian start: a cabin trip.
My research started with getting to know what multe (cloudberry) is and hunting for
it. I am indebted to you for making me feel at home. Harald also gave me the freedom
to be independent and explore the areas I found interesting. Thanks for giving me
the opportunity to attend the London School of Economics and Political Science
(LSE) to learn about environmental economics. Although it did not directly relate to
my research, it widened my view about the economic consequences of environmental
decisions. Ingrid once told me that a good PhD is a finished PhD. She always
followed up my progress and provided guidance when most needed. Ingrid, you will
always be my role model when it comes to organization and sticking to deadlines.
Thank you for your patience and teaching me how to write scientifically. You kept
reminding me that the whole PhD process, although at times frustrating, is more
about learning to do research rather than contributing to science body.
I also would like to thank my co-authors. Thank you Eilif Pedersen for introducing
me to Bond Graph method. Eilif always started with drawing a propeller shaft and
an engine on a blank paper and continued with clearing my thoughts. Thanks Svein
A. Aanondsen for fruitful discussions on energy efficiency of fishing vessels. Thanks
to Emilio Notti and Antonello Sala in National Research Council of Italy, Institute
of Marine Sciences, Fisheries Section (CNR-ISMAR) for answering my questions on
their article and our collaboration. It was a relief in the time I was struggling to access
such confidential data. Thank you also for my visit in Ancona. Thanks Nicola
Paltrinieri for showing interest in my systems engineering approach to decision-
making. Without your support and safety knowledge, the article would not shape.
I am also thankful to other professors, researchers, and PhD candidates who shed
light on the concepts out of my expertise. Harald Valland increased my knowledge
on engines. Dag Myrhaug clarified some sampling and statistical issues. Sverre Steen
was approachable when I knocked on his office door with basic questions on
propellers. Cecilia Haskins at the Department of Production and Quality Engineering
at NTNU provided valuable suggestions on my systems engineering approach. Erwin
v
A. M. Schau at the European Commission took the time to answer my emails and
explain his approach to evaluating energy efficiency. Anette E. Persen in the
Directorate of Fisheries not only provided datasets on energy consumption of fishing
vessels, but also answered my never-ending questions in detail. Dag Standal in
SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture clarified the quota system in Norwegian fisheries.
Dag Stenersen and Per M. Einang in MARINTEK increased my knowledge about
liquefied natural gas (LNG). Hannes Johnson in Chalmers University of Technology
and his blog introduced me to energy efficiency gap. Edgar McGuinness proofread
one of my papers. Kevin K. Yum helped me with Bond Graph method. Different
reviewers and editors also contributed to my work by providing feedback on my
articles. I am afraid that I have left out some. Thank you all for your invaluable input.
I appreciate the assistance of administration staff, librarians, and technical staff,
especially Jannike Gripp, Renate Karoliussen, and Astrid E. Hansen. They made my
life much smoother than it could otherwise be. I also am grateful to the Department
of Marine Technology at NTNU for funding my research. Thanks to Norwegian
Shipowners’ Association Fund and Anders Jahre’s Grant for partially funding my
attendance to conferences.
A warm thank you to all my friends at the Department of Marine Technology,
especially those in Marine Systems. Without your company, loads of coffee breaks,
and discussions on canteen food quality I would have less motivation to wake up in
the morning and come to my office. Many thanks to my officemates, who soon
became my friends: Daniel de Almeida Fernandes, Kevin K. Yum, Sandro Erceg,
Jungao Wang, and Øystein Sture. I will never forget our naggings and discussions
about PhD life, politics, food, music, travel destinations, and jokes. Thanks to my
friends, who are spread around the world from warm, polluted Tehran to cold, clean
Trondheim. We did not work together, but our café gatherings, parties, telephone
calls, and long messages made my days.
I am indebted to my beloved family. Thanks to my father for his interest in books
and newspapers. If he had not taken me to book exhibitions, and if he had not taught
me how to bind newspapers together to make a sort of encyclopedia, I probably
would never choose the PhD path. Thanks to my mother for all the games that we
played on the way to school. They made my school time much more fun. Maman,
thanks for letting me sit in your classes while you taught. They formed some of my
best memories. Loads of thanks to my sisters: Sahar always put things in perspective
and made me see PhD accomplishable. Sara believed in me more than I did. Finally,
I should thank Nick for being there for me. You were the best support I could ask
for.
Sepideh Jafarzadeh
Trondheim, 2016
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