Separation of powers in African constitutionalism PDF
Preview Separation of powers in African constitutionalism
STELLENBOSCH HANDBOOKS IN AFRICAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW BOOK ONE Separation of Powers in African Constitutionalism Editedby CHARLES M. FOMBAD 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,OxfordOX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries #Theseveralcontributors2016 Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2016 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer CrowncopyrightmaterialisreproducedunderClassLicence NumberC01P0000148withthepermissionofOPSI andtheQueen’sPrinterforScotland PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015952462 ISBN 978–0–19–875979–9 Printedandboundby CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. Stellenbosch Handbooks in African Constitutional Law The Stellenbosch Handbooks in African Constitutional Law is a series of books that engagewithcontemporaryissuesofconstitutionalisminAfricainauniqueandhighly originalmanner.Thefirstexperimentindemocraticandconstitutionalgovernancein Africa that started after independence was soon overtaken by dictatorships, and arbitrary and repressive rule. The pulling down of the Berlin Wall followed by the collapse of the communist dictatorships in Eastern Europe unleashed a fresh wind of democratization and new hopes for the establishment and entrenchment of constitu- tional governance and constitutionalism in Africa. This series is designed to avoid a mere repetition of the now well-rehearsed concerns and doubts about constitutional- ism onthecontinentandinstead toidentify,analyse,andpromoteseriousdiscussion onthecriticalissuesthatcanshape,refine,anddeepenthestridesbeingtakentowards consolidatingconstitutionalisminAfrica. Althoughcomparativeconstitutional lawhas now emerged stronglyin thelast two decades as a major field of legal scholarship, most of the extensive research and publications that have been carried out have focused mainly on the well-established democracies. The only African country that has occasionally attracted some research interest from a comparative law perspective is South Africa. The few books that do present some perspectives on African comparative constitutional law focus narrowly andexclusivelyondevelopmentsineitherAnglophone,Francophone,orArabophone Africa but with nothing cutting across these divides. Yet, since 1990, Africa has been undergoing profound and far-reaching constitutional developments that deserve to attract the attention of comparatists. Very limited comparative law research has been carried out to understand the nature of these constitutional changes, review their impact on the attempts to entrench an ethos of constitutionalism on the continent, andassesstheprospectsforthefuture. The overriding objective of the Stellenbosch Handbooks in African Constitutional Law series is as follows. First, the series will stimulate interest in comparative consti- tutionallawresearchandstudiesonthedifferentconstitutionaltraditionsoperatingin Africa by presenting a comprehensive analysis of the latest thinking, research, and practice. In this way, the series intends to fill the huge knowledge gap in the existing literature on comparative African constitutional law as well as point to directions for futureresearch.Second,eachvolumewillforthefirsttime,bringtogetherhighquality innovativeandoriginalmaterialfromdiverseperspectiveswrittenbyscholarsandlegal practitioners drawn from the different constitutional traditions operating on the continent. In this respect, each volume will strive to cover Anglophone, Arabophone, Francophone,Hispanophone,andLusophoneAfrica.Inmanyrespects,thiswillensure thattheAfricanvoiceisheardintheglobalconstitutionaldebate.Third,becausemost Africancountriessharemanycommonfeatures,suchasthecoloniallegacy,geograph- icalproximity,andsocial,economic,political,andculturalconditions,thebooksinthe vi StellenboschHandbooksinAfricanConstitutionalLaw series adopt a comparative approach that highlight gaps and good practices in a manner that willprovide a rich source of authoritative informationfor promotingan intra-African legal dialogue and the cross-fertilization of ideas across the different constitutional traditions. Finally, the books in the series are intended to act as a repository for the accumulation of knowledge, experience, and expertise on the con- tinent.Eachhandbookstandsaloneandisintendedtoprovideaninvaluablesourceof authoritative reference material for academics, researchers, students at all levels, legal practitioners,andpolicymakers. StellenboschHandbooksinAfricanConstitutionalLaw SeriesEditor ProfessorCharlesMangaFombad,InstituteforInternationalandComparative LawinAfrica(ICLA),FacultyofLaw,UniversityofPretoria SeriesAdvisoryBoard DrJamesFowkes SeniorResearcher,InstituteforInternationalandComparativeLawinAfrica(ICLA), FacultyofLaw,UniversityofPretoria ProfessorAmezeGuobadia ResearchProfessor,NigerianInstituteforAdvancedLegalStudies DrMichaelaHailbronner SeniorResearcher,InstituteforInternationalandComparativeLawinAfrica(ICLA), FacultyofLaw,UniversityofPretoria ProfessorChristofHeyns Co-Director,InstituteforInternationalandComparativeLawinAfricaandUNSpecial Rapporteuronextrajudicial,summary,orarbitraryexecutions ProfessorThéodoreHolo President,ConstitutionalCourtofBenin ProfessorBabacarKante FormerVicePresidentoftheSenegaleseConstitutionalCouncilandProfessoroflaw, UniversityofGastonBergerdeSaint-Louis,Senegal ProfessorChristinaMurray ProfessorofLaw,UniversityofCapeTown ProfessorMunaNdulo DirectoroftheInstituteforAfricanDevelopment,CornellUniversity ProfessorKofiQuashigah Dean,FacultyofLaw,UniversityofGhana,Legon ProfessorAndréThomashausen FormerChairoftheDepartmentofPublic,ConstitutionalandInternationalLaw,College ofLaw,UniversityofSouthAfrica,Pretoria,SouthAfrica ProfessorFrancoisVenter FormerDeanandResearchProfessor,North-WestUniversity,PotchefstroomCampus JusticeZakYacoob RetiredJusticeoftheConstitutionalCourtofSouthAfrica Preface The books published in the series Stellenbosch Handbooks in African Constitutional LawhaveemergedfromasetofseminarsknownastheStellenboschAnnualSeminar on Constitutionalism in Africa (SASCA) organized by the Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS) and the Institute forInternational and Comparative Law in Africa(ICLA)oftheUniversityofPretoria.Thefirstoftheseseminarstookplaceatthe Wallenberg ResearchCentre ofSTIASin Stellenboschfrom 4–6September 2013.For this first seminar, a carefully selected group of outstanding African and some non- African constitutional law scholarsand practitioners were invited. During the discus- sions, plans were made for future seminars and the need to publish the papers presented was agreed upon. By the time the second seminar took place, from 17–19 September2014,contacthadalreadybeenmadewithfoureminentpublishersinclud- ingOxfordUniversityPress(OUP),todiscussthepossibilityoftheirpublishingthese papersinanewseriesdevotedtoAfrica.Allfouracceptedbuttheparticipantsdecided topublishthepaperswithOUP. WethankOUP,foragreeingtolaunchthisseries,andforthesupportandassistance they have provided. Special thanks go to Mr Alex Flach at OUP who took an early interest in the project and has provided invaluable ongoing support. This idea would never have beenbrought tofruition withoutthefinancialsupport providedbySTIAS and ICLA. We want to particularly thank the present Director of STIAS, Professor Hendrik Geyer, his predecessor and founding Director of STIAS, Professor Bernard Lategan,aswellasthetwoCo-DirectorsofICLA,ProfessorsChristofHeynsandErika de Wet, who have at all times been the solid rock on which this project is moving forward. Finally, thanks are also due to all the scholars who have contributed to the project, especially those who took part in the SASCA 2013 seminar and those whose excellentcontributionstothe2014eventarefeaturedinthismaidenvolume.Wehope thatsubsequentvolumeswillbuildonthisfoundation,includingandreflectingallthe diverse constitutional traditions on the continent and contributing to constitutional discussionwithinAfrica,andwiththeworld. Contents GeneralIntroductiontotheStellenboschHandbooksinAfrican ConstitutionalLawSeries v Preface vii TableofCases xi TableofLegislation xvii ListofAbbreviations xxv ListofContributors xxvii Introduction 1 JamesFowkesandCharlesM.Fombad PART I: OVERVIEW 1. TheEvolutionofModernAfricanConstitutions: ARetrospectivePerspective 13 CharlesM.Fombad 2. AnOverviewofSeparationofPowersunderModern AfricanConstitutions 58 CharlesM.Fombad PART II: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LEGISLATURE AND THE EXECUTIVE 3. ParliamentarySovereigntyorPresidentialImperialism?TheDifficulties inIdentifyingtheSourceofConstitutionalPowerfromtheInteraction BetweenLegislaturesandExecutivesinAnglophoneAfrica 95 FrancoisVenter 4. Kenya’sBuddingBicameralismandLegislative–ExecutiveRelations 116 ConradM.Bosire 5. Legislative–ExecutiveRelationsinPresidentialDemocracies: TheCaseofNigeria 135 SylvesterShikyil PART III: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE JUDICIARY AND THE POLITICAL BRANCHES 6. AnOverviewofJudicialandExecutiveRelationsinLusophoneAfrica 159 FernandoLoureiroBastos 7. Super-presidentialisminAngolaandtheAngolanJudiciary 182 AndréThomashausen
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