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SEPARATE PATHS LLuucciiaa MMccMMaahhoonn aanndd CChhrriissttoopphheerr TT.. FFiisshheerr,, SSeerriieess EEddiittoorrss New Jersey holds a unique place in the American story. One of the thirteen colonies in British North Amer i ca and the original states of the United States, New Jersey plays a central yet underappreciated place in Amer i ca’s economic, po liti cal, and social development. New Jersey’s axial position as the nation’s fi nancial, intellectual, and po liti cal corridor has become something of a signature, evident in quips about the Turnpike and punchlines that end with its many exits. Yet New Jersey is more than a crossroad or an interstitial “elsewhere.” Far from being ancillary to the nation, New Jersey is an axis around which Amer i ca’s story has turned, and within its borders gather a rich col- lection of ideas, innovations, people, and politics. Th e region’s historical development makes it a microcosm of the challenges and possibilities of the nation, and it also refl ects the complexities of the modern, cosmopolitan world. Yet far too litt le of the lit er a ture recognizes New Jersey’s signifi cance to the national story, and despite promising scholarship done at the local level, New Jersey history oft en remains hidden in plain sight. Ceres books represent new, rigorously peer- reviewed scholarship on New Jersey and the surrounding region. Named for the Roman goddess of prosperity portrayed on the New Jersey State Seal, Ceres provides a platform for cultivating and disseminating the next generation of scholarship. It features the work of both established historians and a new generation of scholars across disciplines. Ceres aims to be fi eld shaping, providing a home for the newest and best empirical, archival, and theoretical work on the region’s past. We are also dedicated to fostering diverse and inclusive scholarship and hope to feature works addressing issues of social justice and activism. Maxine N. Lurie, Taking Sides in Revolutionary New Jersey: Caught in the Crossfi re Jean R. Soderlund, Separate Paths: Lenapes and Colonists in West New Jersey SEPA R ATE PATHS Lenapes and Colonists in West New Jersey jean r. soderlund rutgers university press New Brunswick, Camden, and Newark, New Jersey, and London Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Soderlund, Jean R., 1947- author. Title: Separate paths: Lenapes and colonists in west New Jersey / Jean R. Soderlund. Description: New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, [2022] | Series: Ceres: Rutgers studies in history | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021041960 | ISBN 9781978813113 (paperback) | ISBN 9781978813120 (cloth) | ISBN 9781978813137 (epub) | ISBN 9781978813144 (mobi) | ISBN 9781978813151 (pdf) Subjects: LCSH: Delaware Indians— New Jersey— History—17th century. | Delaware Indians— New Jersey— History—18th century. | Delaware Indians— New Jersey— Government relations. | Delaware Indians— Land tenure— New Jersey. | Whites— New Jersey— Relations with Indians— History. | Quakers— New Jersey— History—17th century. | New Jersey— Ethnic relations— History—17th century. | New Jersey— Race relations— History—17th century. | New Jersey— History— Colonial period, ca. 1600–1775. Classification: LCC E99.D2 S68 2022 | DDC 974.004/97345— dc23/eng/20211007 LC rec ord available at https:// lccn . loc . gov / 2021041960 A British Cataloging- in- Publication rec ord for this book is available from the British Library. Copyright © 2022 by Jean R. Soderlund All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. Please contact Rutgers University Press, 106 Somerset Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901. The only exception to this prohibition is “fair use” as defined by U.S. copyright law. References to internet websites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor Rutgers University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared. The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences— Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992. www . rutgersuniversitypress . org Manufactured in the United States of Amer i ca For Rudy CONTENTS Foreword ix Introduction 1 1 Defending the Lenape Homeland 11 2 Seeking Peace in Cohanzick Country 30 3 Promising Liberty and Property: The West New Jersey Concessions 48 4 Quaker Colonization without Vio lence or Remorse 64 5 Women, Ethnicity, and Freedom in Southern Lenapehoking 79 6 Forced Separation: Enslaved Blacks in the Quaker Colony 101 7 A Dif er ent Path: Defining Swedish and Finnish Ethnicity 116 Conclusion 134 Acknowl edgments 141 Notes 143 Manuscripts and Suggested Readings 175 Index 181 vii FOREWORD On New Jersey’s state seal sits the Roman goddess Ceres, a symbol of productiv- ity and abundance. In commerce and politics, the image calls attention to the fecundity that makes New Jersey the Garden State, but as a meta phor, Ceres symbolizes so much more than the bounty of its land. Contained within this message of abundance is New Jersey’s role as an incubator for cultural and social bonds that helped transform the colonies into a nation; the richness of its p eople, whose diversity still serves as a national model; and its place as a conduit for the robust regional economy that scaled up Amer i ca’s industrial growth. New Jersey holds a transformational place in regional and national history, and Ceres: Rutgers Studies in History seeks to capture the fullness of those sto- ries. Ceres is a platform for cultivating and disseminating the next generation of scholarship that shapes the field. It provides a home for the newest and best work on the region’s past that is as diverse in its chronology as it is inclusive in the topics it covers. Separate Paths: Lenapes and Colonists in West New Jersey, Jean R. Soderlund’s exploration of the interpersonal relations among Lenapes, African Americans, and Eu ro pean settlers in West New Jersey, captures the spirit of Ceres as a proj- ect. Separate Paths explores the protean nature of early Eur o pean settlement in West New Jersey, where two competing models of colonialism set the stage for po liti cal experimentation and social possibilities that have not been fully exam- ined in the lit er a ture. In this extensively researched study, Soderlund challenges the casual assumptions historians have made about colonialism as an enterprise and examines how common values helped shape relations. That it all takes place in what would become New Jersey underscores the importance of remapping the relationship between regional history and the larger story. — Lucia McMahon and Christopher T. Fisher ix