Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord: Volume 1 Primary Afferent Neurons and the Spinal Dorsal Horn PDF
Preview Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord: Volume 1 Primary Afferent Neurons and the Spinal Dorsal Horn
Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord Third Edition Volume 1 Primary Afferent Neurons and the Spinal Dorsal Horn Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord Third Edition Volume 1 Primary Afferent Neurons and the Spinal Dorsal Horn William D. Willis, Jr. and Richard E. Coggeshall The University of Texas Medica/ Branch Ca/veston, Texas Springer-Science+Business Media, LLC ISBN 978-1-4613-4894-8 ISBN 978-1-4615-0037-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-0037-7 ©2004 Springer Science+Business Media New Yark Originally published by Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York in 2004 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 3rd edition 2004 \098765432 A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically far the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. PREFACE The third edition of this monograph continues to have the goal of providing an overview of current thought about the spinal cord mechanisms that are responsible for sensory processing. We hope that the book is of value to both basic and clinical neuroscientists. Several changes have been made in the presentation, as well as additions because of the research advances that have been made during the past decade. Chapters 3 and 4 in the previous edition have been subdivided, and now the morphology of primary afferent neu rons of the dorsal root ganglia is described in Chapter 3 and the chemical neuroanatomy of these neurons in Chapter 4. The description of the dorsal hom in the previous Chapter 4 is now included in Chapter 5, and the chemical neuroanatomy of the dorsal hom in Chapter 6. Furthermore, discussions of the descending control systems have now been consolidated at the end of Chapter 12. The authors would like to express their appreciation for the help provided by several individuals. R.E.C. wishes to acknowledge the many things he learned about primary afferent neurons from conversations with Dr S. N. Lawson. He also thanks Lyn Shilling for her assistance with the typing. WDW thanks Dr Nada Lawand for her critical reading of parts of the manuscript, Rosaline Leigh for help with the manuscript, and Griselda Gonzales for preparing the illustrations. William D. Willis and Richard E. Coggeshall CONTENTS Volume 1 Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Sensory Modalities and Channels 1 Specificity versus Pattern Theories of Sensation 2 Historical Perspective 2 Specificity Theory 2 Pattern Theory 4 Gate Theory of Pain 5 Supporting Evidence 7 Molecular Basis of Specificity of Primary Afferent Neurons 7 Sinclair's Challenge and Evidence for Specificity from Microneurography 9 Sensory Role of Single Tactile Afferents in Human Subjects 9 Criticism of Microneurography Results 11 Rebuttal of this Criticism 12 Microneurography and Pain 14 Somatosensory System Dualities 14 Epicritic versus Protopathic Sensations 14 Lemniscal versus Non-Iemniscal Systems 15 Large- versus Small-Fiber Systems 15 Conclusions 16 Chapter 2: Sensory Receptors and Peripheral Nerves 19 Composition of Peripheral Nerves 19 Sensory Receptors 22 Cutaneous Receptors 31 Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors 32 Mechanoreceptors in the Glabrous Skin of the Primate Hand 32 Cutaneous Displacement and Velocity Detectors 34 SA I Receptors 34 SA II Receptors 37 Cutaneous Velocity Detectors 39 FA I receptors 39 Hair Follicle Receptors 41 Field Receptors 43 C Mechanoreceptors 44 Cutaneous Transient Detectors 44 vii viii Contents FA II Receptors 45 G Hair Follicle Receptors 46 1 Sinus Hairs 47 The Role of Growth Factors in the Regulation of Mechanoreceptors 47 SA I (Merkel Cell) Endings 47 FA I (Meissner Corpuscle) Receptors 48 FA II (Pacinian Corpuscle) Receptors 48 Hair Follicle Receptors 48 Transduction in Mechanoreceptors 48 Cutaneous Nociceptors 50 A3 Nociceptors 50 C Nociceptors 53 Transduction in Nociceptors 57 Sensitization of Nociceptors 58 Neurogenic Inflammation 63 Peptidergic and Non-Peptidergic Nociceptors 63 Nociceptors and Neurogenic Inflammation 63 Interaction of Growth Factors with Nociceptors 64 Inhibitory Interactions with Peripheral Cutaneous Nociceptor Endings 66 Cutaneous Chemoreceptors Possibly Responsible for Itch 67 Cutaneous Thermoreceptors 67 Cold Receptors 68 Warm Receptors 69 Transduction in Thermoreceptors 70 Muscle Receptors 70 Stretch Receptors 70 Muscle Spindles 71 Golgi Tendon Organs 72 Pressure-Pain Endings and Muscle Nociception 73 Group III Muscle Afferents 73 Group IV Muscle Afferents 74 Sensitization of High Threshold Muscle Afferents 74 Joint Receptors 75 Joint Mechanoreceptors 76 Slowly Adapting Joint Receptors 76 Rapidly Adapting Joint Receptors 77 Joint Nociceptors 77 Sensitization of Joint Nociceptors 77 Peptide Content of Fine Joint Afferents 78 Joint Inflammation 78 Role of Dorsal Root Reflexes in the Neurogenic Inflammation of Arthritis 79 Visceral Receptors 80 Visceral Mechanoreceptors 81 Visceral N ociceptors 82 Peptides in Visceral Afferents 85 Growth Factors and Visceral Afferents 85 Contents ix Sensitization of Visceral Afferents 85 Visceral Thermoreceptors 86 Conclusions 87 Chapter 3: Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells and their Processes 91 Dorsal Root Ganglion Cell Bodies 91 DRG Cell Classifications 92 Cytologic and Size Classifications 92 Myelination 93 Axon Conduction Velocity 93 Action Potentials and After Polarizations 94 Classifications by Chemical Neuroanatomical Criteria 94 Topographic Organization 95 Innervation of Ganglion Cell Bodies, Pericellular Baskets 96 Dorsal Root Ganglion Cell Processes 98 Dermatomes 98 Branching 98 Ventral Root Afferent Fibers 98 Spinal Cord 99 Blind Fibers 99 Looping Fibers 99 Pial Fibers 100 Function 100 Segregation of Dorsal Root Fibers 100 Conclusions 101 Chapter 4: Chemical Anatomy of Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells 103 Amines 103 Catecholamines (CAs) 103 Histamine 103 Serotonin 103 Amino Acids 104 Glutamate 104 Aspartate 104 GABA 104 Glycine 105 Channels 105 Calcium Channels 105 Sodium Channels 105 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels 105 Cell Size 106 Co-localizations 107 13 Subunits 107 Development 107 Inflammation 107 Peripheral Axotomy 108 Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) 108 x Contents Peripheral Sensory Axons 108 Non-voltage Gated Sodium Channels 108 Enzymes 109 Alkaline Phosphatase 109 Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) 109 Cholinergic Enzymes 110 ChAT 110 ACHE 110 Cytochrome Oxidase 110 Fluoride-resistant Acid Phosphatase (FRAP) 111 Monoamine Oxidase 112 Nitric Oxide (NO), Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) and NADPHd 112 Ca+ + Calmodulin Kinase II 113 Other Kinases 113 Hormones 113 Corticotrophin Releasing Factor (CRF) 113 Insulin 113 Peptides 113 Angiotensin 113 Atrial and Brain Natriuretic Peptide 114 Bombesin 114 Cholycystokinin (CCK) 114 Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide (CGRP) 114 Classification 116 Age 116 Development 116 Co-localizations 116 SP 116 GAL 117 SOM 117 CCK 117 VIP 117 Bombesin, ENK, DYN, VIP, NT, and NPY 117 FRAP 117 Cysteine Proteases 117 Amino Acids 117 IB4 117 Peripherin 118 BDNF 118 GDNF 118 TrkA 118 P75 118 Experimental Manipulations or Disease 118 Dorsal Rhizotomy 118 Peripheral Nerve Lesions 118 Inflammation 119 Diabetes 119 Hypoxia 120 Contents xi Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy 120 Capsaicin 120 Axonal Transport Blockers 120 NGF Treatment 120 Female Steroid Hormones 120 Sympathectomy 121 Dorsal Roots 121 Periphery 121 Somatic Innervation 121 Visceral Innervation 122 Endothelin (ET) 122 Galanin 122 Nerve Lesions 123 Inflammation 124 Resiniferatoxin 124 Axonal Transport Blockers 124 Co-localizations 124 CGRP 124 SP 124 VIP 124 NPY 124 5-HT 124 Glucocorticoid Receptors 125 Dorsal Roots 125 Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) 125 Neuropeptide Y (NPY), Polypeptide Y (PPY), and Peptide YY 125 Peripheral Axotomy or Compression 125 Trophic Factors 125 Development 126 Co-localizations 126 Peripheral Innervation 126 Neurotensin (NT) 126 Opioids 126 Dynorphin (DYN) 126 Endomorphin 127 Endorphin 127 Enkephalin 127 Nociceptin 128 Oxytocin and Vasopressin 128 Secretoneurin and the Chromagranins 128 Somatostatin 128 Co-localizations 129 GDNF and Peripheral Axotomy 129 Development 129 Periphery 129 Substance P (SP) 130 Segmental Levels 130 Age and Development 130 xii Contents Co-localizations 130 Tachykinins 130 CGRP 130 GAL 131 SOM 131 CCK 131 ENKand DYN 131 Bombesin, VIP, NT, and NPY 131 FRAP 131 NOS 131 Glutamate 131 IB-4 131 200 KD Neurofilament Protein 132 Peripherin 132 GDNF 132 Opioid Receptors 132 Experimental Manipulations 132 Dorsal Rhizotomy 132 Peripheral Nerve Lesions 132 Inflammation 133 Trophic Factors 134 Adrenalectomy 134 Resiniferatoxin 134 Periphery 134 Somatic Innervation 134 Visceral Innervation 135 VIP 135 Proteins 136 Calcium Binding Proteins 136 Glutamate Transporters 136 Reg-2 137 Bone Matrix Proteins 137 l3-arrestin 137 Receptors 137 Aminergic Receptors 137 Adrenergic Receptors 137 Dopamine Receptors 138 Histamine Receptors 138 5-HT Receptors 138 5-HT Receptors 138 IA 5-HTJB Receptors 138 5-HT Ie Receptors 138 5-HT 1D Receptors 139 5-HT IE Receptors 139 5-HT Receptors 139 IF 5-HT Receptors 139 2 5-HT3 Receptors 139 5-HT4, 5-HTs, and 5-HT7 Receptors 139
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