Sensory Integration And Learning Disorders

312 Pages·1973·44.084 MB·English

by  A. Jean Ayres

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2010
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Sensory Integration and
Learning Disorders
by A. Jean Ayres, Ph.D.
Published by
WESTERN PSYCHOLOGICALSERVICES
W\P PUBLISHERSAND DISTRIBUTORS
12031 WILSHIRE BOULEVARD
LOSANGELES, CALIFORNIA90025
A DIVISION OF MANSON WESTERN CORPORATION
Sensory Integration and Learning Disorders
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 72-91446
International Standard Book Number: 0-87424-303-3
©
Copyright 1972 by Western Psychological Services
Not to be reproduced in whole or in part without written permission of
Western Psychological1Ser2vic3es.4Al5l 6righ7ts8res9erved. Printed in U.S.A.
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Franklin
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Table of Contents
Cluiptcr Page
LIST OF FIGURES
viii
PREFACE
ix
OVERVIEW
1. 1
Background 2
Basic Premises 4
Limitations in Applying Animal Research to Human Beings 7
Principles of Brain Development 8
2. SOME GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF BRAIN FUNCTION... 13
Functional Interdependence of Brain Structures 13
The Concept of Brain Mechanisms 14
Plasticity of Neural Function 16
The Neural Synapse 17
Sensory Stimulation 20
mnism-Environment Interaction 22
3. THE INTEGRATIVE PROCESS 25
The Nature of Integration 25
Intermodality Association 28
Centrifugal Influences 31
Sensory Feedback 32
Inhibitory Processes 34
Integration through Movement 36
LEVELS OF FUNCTION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS
4.
SYSTEM 38
The Spinal Cord 39
The Brain Stem 40
The Cerebellum 46
The Basal Ganglia 48
The Old Cortex and/or Limbic System 49
The Neocortex 52
Principles Relating to Levels of Function 53
5. THE SENSORY MODALITIES 55
The Vestibular System 55
The Tactile System 61
Proprioception 66
The Auditory System 70
Olfaction 72
Vision 73
Chapter Page
6. POSTURAL RESPONSES AND RELATED FUNCTIONS.... 75
The Role of Gravity 76
Neural Level of Organization 77
The Developmental Sequence 79
Muscles and Their Major Receptor 83
Postural Mechanisms and Extraocular Muscle Control 85
Extraocular Muscle Responses and the Development of
Visual Space Perception 88
7. FACTORS, SYNDROMES, AND NEURAL SYSTEMS 89
The Concept of Syndromes or Neural Systems 89
The Syndromes or Neural Systems Identified 94
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF SENSORY INTEGRATIVE
8.
DYSFUNCTION 96
Primitive Postural Reflexes 98
Cocontraction of Antagonistic Muscles 107
Muscle Tone 109
Extraocular Muscle Control 110
Assessment of Vestibular System Function 110
Integration of Function of the Two Sides of the Body Ill
Choreoathetoid Movements 112
GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF
9.
INTERVENTION 113
Influencing Sensation and Response 114
Tactile Stimulation 115
Vestibular Stimulation 119
Other Proprioceptive Stimuli 123
The Adaptive Response 125
Precautions 129
10. DISORDER IN POSTURAL AND BILATERAL
INTEGRATION 134
Description of the Syndrome 134
Research Related to the Neural System 140
The Remedial Program 145
11. DEVELOPMENTAL APRAXIA 165
The Development and Nature of Praxis 166
Description of the Syndrome 171
Neurological Considerations 174
Treatment Plan and Principles 177
Suggested Activities to Develop Praxis 181
vi.