Sensitivity to Change: Black Sea, Baltic Sea and North Sea

519 Pages·1997·20.074 MB·English

by  M. Sztobryn, M. Kałas, A. Staskiewicz (auth.), Emin Özsoy, Alexander Mikaelyan (eds.)

Sensitivity to Change:
Black Sea, Baltic Sea and North Sea
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Series 2: Environment - Vol. 27
Sensitivity ta Change:
Black Sea, Baltic Sea
and Narth Sea
edited by
Emin Ozsoy
Institute of Marine Sciences, METU,
Erdemli, ioel, Turkey
and
Alexander Mikaelyan
Shirshov Institute of Oceanology,
Moscow, Russia
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Sensitivity of North Sea, Baltic Sea and Black Sea to
Anthropogenic and Climatic Changes
Varna, Bulgaria
14-18 November 1995
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-94-010-6429-3 ISBN 978-94-011-5758-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-5758-2
Printed on acid-free paper
AII Rights Reserved
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1997
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1997
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ..................................................... ix
List of Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xl
A Synopsis and Recommendations for Future Studies .................. XVll
Changes of Mean Sea Level and Ice Conditions in Gdynia as Indicators of
Climate Changes in the Gulf of Gdansk
M. Sztobryn, M. Kalas and A Staskiewicz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
Variability of Northwestern Black Sea Hydrography and River Discharges as
Part of the Global Ocean-Atmosphere Fluctuations
A. Polonsky, E. Voskresenskaya and V. Belokopytov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
Recent Man-Made Changes in the Black Sea Ecosystem
Yu.P. Zaitsev and B.G. Alexandrov ................................ 25
Seasonal and Long-Term Variability of the Black Sea Optical Parameters
VL Vladimirov, V.I. Mankovsky, M. V. Solov'ev and A. V. Mishonov ......... 33
The Nutrient Stock of the Romanian Shelf of the Black Sea during the Last
Three Decades
A Cociasu, V. Diaconu, L. Popa, I. Nae, L. Dorogan and V. Malciu . . . . . . . .. 49
Distribution and Fluctuation of Dominant Zooplankton Species in the Southern
Black Sea in Comparison to the North Sea and Baltic Sea
U. Niermann and W. Greve .................................... " 65
Some Aspects of Phytoplankton Long-Term Alterations off Bulgarian Black
Sea Shelf
S. Moncheva and A Krastev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79
Sensitivity to Anthropogenic Factors of the Plankton Fauna Adjacent to the
Bulgarian Coast of the Black Sea
A. Konsulov and L. Kamburska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 95
Long-Term Variability of Phytoplankton Communities in Open Black Sea in
Relation to Environmental Changes
AS. Mikaelyan .............................................. 105
vi
Mnemiopsis Leidyi Abundance in the Black Sea and its Impact on the Pelagic
Community
T.A. Shiganova .............................................. 117
Seasonal Variation of Surface Pigment Distribution in the Black Sea on
CZCS Data
N.P. Nezlin ................................................. 131
The Effect of Hydrological Conditions on the State of Herring Stocks in the
Baltic Sea
T. Raid .................................................... 139
Role of Fishing in the Black Sea Ecosystem
A. C. Giicii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Environmental Impact on Fish Resources in the Black Sea
K. Prodanov, K. Mikhailov, G. Daskalov, K. Maxim, A. Chashchin, A. Arkhipov,
V. Shlyakhov and E. Ozdamar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Variations in the Vertical Structure of Water Chemistry within the Three
Hydrodynamically Different Regions of the Black Sea
0. Ba~tiirk, S. Tugrul, S. Konovalov and i. Salihoglu .................... 183
Spatial Isopycnal Analysis of the Main Pycnocline Chemistry of the Black Sea:
Seasonal and Interannual Variations
S. Konovalov, S. Tugrul, 0. Ba~tiirk and i. Salihoglu .................... 197
Suspended Matter as an Index of Productivity in the Western Black Sea
(Application for Productivity and Eutrophication Control)
S. V. Vostokov ............................................... 211
Particulate Organic Matter of Black Sea Euphotic Zone: Seasonal and
Long-Term Variation of Spatial Distribution and Composition
z.P. Burlakova, LV. Eremeeva and S.K. Konovalov ..................... 223
Time-Series Profiles of 134CS, 137Cs and IJOSr in the Black Sea
K.O. Buesseler and B.D. Livingston . ............................... 239
The Black Sea Cold Intermediate Layer
L.l. Ivanov, S. Be#ktepe and E. Ozsoy .............................. 253
Physical Oceanography Variability in the Black Sea Pycnocline
Ll. Ivanov, S. Be~iktepe and E. Ozsoy .............................. 265
vii
The Black Sea Bottom Homogeneous Layer: A Simple Model of Formation
V.N. Eremeev, L.1. Ivanov, AS. Samodurov and M. Duman . ............... 275
Physical Processes of Surface-Deep Layers Exchange in the Black Sea
E. Demirov, M.A Latif and V. Diaconu ............................. 285
Convection in the Baltic Sea: A Numerical Process Study
1.0. Backhaus and H. Wehde .................................... 295
An Ice/Ocean Model for North and Baltic Sea
C. Schrum . ................................................. 311
Quantification of Transports to Skagerrak: A Modeling Approach
M.D. Skogen, G. Eriksr¢d and E. Svendsen ........................... 327
Eddy Dynamics Controlled by Basin Scale, Coastline and Topography
N.H. Rachev and E. V. Stanev .................................... 341
Seasonal Variability of the Black Sea Climatic Circulation
D.1. Trukhchev and R.A. Ibrayev .................................. 365
Cold Intermediate Water Formation in the Black Sea. Analysis on Numerical
Model Simulations
1. V. Stan eva and E. V. Stanev ..................................... 375
Circulation in Semi-Enclosed Seas Induced by Buoyancy Flux through a Strait
G.K. Korotaev ............................................... 395
Modelling of Strait Dynamics: The Baltic Experiments
E. Sayin ................................................... 403
Heat and Salt Intrusions in the Pycnocline from Sinking Plumes. Test Case for
the Entrainment in the Black Sea
1.A Simeonov, E. V. Stanev, 1.0. Backhaus, 1.H. lungclaus and
V.M. Roussenov .............................................. 417
Coastal Eutrophication of the Southern Bight of the North Sea: Assessment and
Modelling
C. Lancelot, V. Rousseau, G. Billen and D. Van Eeckhout ................ 439
Modelling the Functioning of the North-Western Black Sea Ecosystem from
1960 to Present
D. Van Eeckhout and C. Lancelot ................................. 455
viii
Towards Coupling Three Dimensional Eddy Resolving General Circulation and
Biochemical Models in the Black Sea
T. Oguz, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli and H. Ducklow ........................ 469
Coupled Hydrodynamic Ecosystem Model of the Black Sea at Basin Scale: Model
Description and First Results
M. Gregoire, J.-M. Beckers, J.e.J. Nihoul and E. Stanev ................. 487
Atmospheric Transport of Desert Dust Toward European Seas: Model
Parameterisation and a Simulated Case
S. Dobricic ................................................. 501
Index ..................................................... 509
PREFACE
Recent decades have seen a degradation of the environmental quality in semi-enclosed
seas, which are particularly sensitive to population pressures due to their naturally low
flushing rates related to their geometry. The North Sea, Baltic Sea and the Black Sea
are amongst the most seriously threatened seas in the Euro-Asian region.
Each semi-enclosed sea has a distinct pattern of circulation, transport, mixing,
associated with the particular geometry, topography, boundary processes, interior
stratification, atmospheric forcing, ice fonnation, straits / sill controls, and the specific
inputs of freshwater, nutrients and pollutants. The workshop investigated the
distinctive physical and ecological characteristics of the three seas in a comparative
manner, in order to identify the types of driving forces and dynamic controls operating
on productivity, nutrient cycling, physical transport and mixing mechanisms. A
comparative study of these controlling mechanisms would allow us to better understand
ecosystem sensitivity in these different environments.
The workshop presentations highlighted the complexity of the semi-enclosed seas
related to the interaction amongst the physical, chemical and biological fields, and
differences in time and space scales in each of the systems. Further, a strong climate
signal exists in these systems, manifest in the interannual, interdecadal and longer
term variability. Part of the variability appears connected with background climatic
variability. On the other hand, changes which could not be explained by climate alone
are also present, and these are strongly related to human activity - the most significant
of these effects is eutrophication. The end results of such changes could be traced in
all levels of marine productivity and in the realization of fish catch.
The systems under investigation ranged from almost totally enclosed domains to
marginal seas adjoining a large ocean body, and from shallow, dissipative, and tidally
dominated shelf regions to deep basins with energetic shelf regions adjoining relatively
stagnant waters, and from completely anoxic to ox-ygen saturated chemical
environments. Physical controls include: freshwater balances, strait exchanges,
surface fluxes, effects of sea-ice, frontal dynamics and exchange, cross-shelf exchange,
pycnocline mixing, shelf and boundary mixing, intrusions of waters cascading from the
shelf or entering from straits, convection, upwelling and meso-scale dynamics.
Chemical controls include: nutrient and pollutant input levels and temporal changes in
their composition, suboxic and redox zone dynamics, and the geochemical residence
time and removal rates of compounds in marine systems in general. Biological
controls include: the mediation of nutrient cycling, food-web relationships, invasions
by opportunistic species, as well as biological influences on optical properties. It was
evident that the seasonal cycles of the above variables often modulated the interannual
and long-term changes.
The synopsis and recommendations in the following section were developed as a
result of common discussions in two working groups organised during the Workshop.
ix
x
All of the participants contributed to the working group discussions. We thank Ken
Buesseler, Leonid Ivanov, Ulrich Niermann and Denis Van Eeckhout for leading the
discussions and formulating the results. We also thank Tsonka Konsoulova, Emil
Stanevand Sergey Semovski as members of the Workshop Organising Committee.
We thank the NATO Science Committee for giving us the opportunity to carry out
this Workshop, and to Dr. L. Veiga da Cunha, Director for the Priority Area on
Environment of the Scientific and Environmental Affairs Division of NATO for his
support, and to Vmit Vnluata, Director of the Institute of Marine Sciences of METU,
Erdemli, Turkey, for motivating the Workshop. We also thank TDBiTA K, the Turkish
Scientific and Technical Research Council, for providing travel support for some of the
participants.
We are grateful to the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, to Zdravko Belberov,
Director of the Institute of Oceanology, Varna, to Mihail Ganchev, of the National
Oceanographic Committee of Bulgaria, and to Chavdar Onnanov, Head of the Naval
Department of the Bulgarian Army Defence Research Institute, for their enthusiastic
support for the Workshop. Simeon Bozhanov, Environmental Adviser to the President
of the Republic of Bulgaria kindly provided his support and motivated infonnal
discussions during the meeting.
It was very pleasing for us, the organisers, that the truly multi-disciplinary group
of participants of the Workshop enjoyed the great meeting environment in Varna, at
the pleasant premises of the International House of Scientists 'F. J. Curie', but also to
take part in frequent scientific discussions during the meeting and in splendid times at
the evening social hours. We thank Ivan Janev, the director of the IHS, for his
hospitality.
The success of the Workshop in large part owes to the efforts of our local hosts,
Tsonka Konsoulova, Asen Konsulov and Avram Avramov, who fully employed their
talents and diligently took care of fine the details of meeting organisation in all stages.
Together with them, a number of other people from the Institute of Oceanology also
provided valuable efforts whenever needed.
EMiNOZSOY ALEXANDER MIKAEL Y AN
Institute of Marine Sciences, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology,
Middle East Technical University, Krasikova 23,
PK 28, Erdemli, i~el 33731 Turkey Moscow 117218 Russia