Sensitive Negotiations SUNY series, Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century —————— Pamela K. Gilbert, editor Sensitive Negotiations Indigenous Diplomacy and British Romantic Poetry Nikki Hessell Cover image: Photo by Takeshi Arai from Pexels. Published by State University of New York Press, Albany © 2021 State University of New York All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher. For information, contact State University of New York Press, Albany, NY www.sunypress.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Hessell, Nikki, author. Title: Sensitive negotiations : indigenous diplomacy and British Romantic poetry / Nikki Hessell. Description: Albany : State University of New York Press, [2021] | Series: SUNY series, studies in the long nineteenth century | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2020048370 | ISBN 9781438484778 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781438484785 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: English poetry—19th century—History and criticism. | Politics and literature—Great Britain—History—19th century. | Indigenous peoples—Government relations. | Diplomacy—Language. | Great Britain—Foreign relations—19th century. | Politics and culture—Great Britain—History—19th century. | Romanticism—Great Britain. Classification: LCC PR590 .H47 2021 | DDC 821/.709145—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020048370 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For Evan and Chele Truth—Dignity—Justice Contents Acknowledgments ix Preface xiii Introduction: The Power of (Poetic) Promises 1 1 Truth and Reconciliation: The Case of “the Monster Brandt” 21 2 Romanticism and Removal: Elias Boudinot, Felicia Hemans, and the Cherokee Phoenix 61 3 Digressive Diplomacy: George Copway and Byron’s Lines on the Rhine 103 4 “Always Build a Fence around the King’s Word”: Sol Plaatje and The Deserted Village 143 5 Petitions and Repetitions: Re¯weti Ko¯here and the Ashes of Byron and Macaulay 173 Conclusion: Coming to Terms with Romantic Poetry 203 Coda 219 Bibliography 223 Index 247 Acknowledgments Diplomacy, by its very nature, generates an enormous global archive. I am very grateful to the librarians and archivists who helped me navigate this material, including those at the Victoria University of Wellington Library, National Library, Alexander Turnbull Library, and National Archives in New Zealand; the British Library, National Archives, Guildhall Library, School of Oriental and African Studies Library, and Special Collections at the University of Glasgow in the United Kingdom; the Beinecke Library, Wisconsin Historical Society, Newberry Library, Stuart A. Rose Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Book Library at Emory University, and American Antiquarian Society in the United States; the Ontario Archives in Canada; and the Australian National University (ANU) Library and National Library of Australia in Canberra. Some of these places provided very generous fellowship schemes that made the work both possible and enjoyable. My deepest thanks go to the American Antiquarian Society (especially Nan Wolverton and all the wonderful visiting fellows who were there in early 2019); the Stuart A. Rose Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Book Library at Emory University; and the Humanities Research Centre at ANU, whose generous scholarly community, led by Will Christie, provided a home away from home. My own institution has been similarly generous in both financial and intellectual support. I am grateful to the Joint Research Committee of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences for the grants that made parts of this work possible, especially in the early phases of the project, and to the Enriching National Culture group, led by Lydia Wevers and Maria Bargh, which awarded me an internal Treaty of Waitangi Fellowship and a chance to work at the Stout Centre and Te Kawa a Ma¯ui (the School of Ma¯ori Studies). These investments in research and collegiality ix