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Sensing with Smartphones: Light Authentication, Heavy Personalization and Medical Applications PDF

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Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Sensing with Smartphones: Light Authentication, Heavy Personalization, and Medical Applications Author(s): Welten, Samuel Max Publication Date: 2013 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010026255 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library DISS. ETH NO. 21454 Sensing with Smartphones: Light Authentication, Heavy Personalization, and Medical Applications A dissertation submitted to ETH ZURICH for the degree of Doctor of Sciences presented by SAMUEL MAX WELTEN MSc ETH ITET, ETH Zürich born July 18, 1984 citizen of Saanen (BE) accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Roger Wattenhofer, examiner Prof. Andrew Campbell, co-examiner 2013 Abstract During the last decade, the fast rise of smartphone distribution amongst the world’s population has been evident. Initially expen- sive devices that only business individuals could afford, smartphones are now found among all classes and age ranges of the population. Early smartphones featured only minimal internal sensors with targeted usage scenarios in mind. For example, the accelerometer was mainly built into the first iPhone to adapt the display content to the screen orientation. With the introduction of the app and app-store concept, developers started using the sensors in their own unique ways. This thesis focuses on the further extension of the sensing capa- bilities of smartphones and demonstrates how they can be used to sense and understand its user. First, we show that the touch screen of an Android device can be used to detect who is using it, due to the touch pattern of a person being unique. Second, we extend the capabilities by sensing the characteristics of the gait when the phone is in the pocket. The novelty of our method lies in the fact that the phone does not need to be placed in a certain orientation to achieve high recognition rates. We then widen our focus to external wireless sensors for context sensing. An important part of the context of a person may be medical parameters. We therefore present two systems that rely on custom external sensors to measure health-relevant parameters: UV radia- tion and foot pressure distribution. In both cases the phone acts as a general purpose computation and interaction platform. In the last part, we show that analyzing the behavior of the user can be applied to mobile music recommendations in two scenarios. To do so, we define a music similarity measure that is based on the listening behavior of many persons, as well as social tags, applica- ble to millions of artists and tracks. For the first application, we apply this knowledge to define the music taste of a user, based on the songs stored on the smartphone in order to extend the music collection through opportunistic ad hoc file sharing. Second, we de- scribe the implementation of a smart meta-radio that uses thousands of publicly available Internet radio stations and seamlessly switches between them to offer a personalized listening experience. Zusammenfassung Im vergangenen Jahrzehnt hat die Verbreitung von Smartphones stark zugenommen. Zu Beginn waren es vergleichsweise teure Geräte, welche vor allem von Geschäftsleuten benutzt wurden. Heutzutage sind sie aber in allen Bevölkerungs- und Altersschichten zu finden. Die ersten Smartphones waren nur mit sehr wenigen Sensoren aus- gestattet, welche alle einen vorgesehenen Verwendungszweck hatten. So wurde zum Beispiel der Beschleunigungssensor hauptsächlich in das erste iPhone eingebaut, um den Bildschirminhalt der Orientie- rung des Bildschirms anzupassen. Mit der Einführung der Apps und des App-Store-Konzepts fingen Softwareentwickler an, die eingebau- ten Sensoren für ihre eigenen Zwecke zu gebrauchen. Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Erweiterung der Sensorfähigkei- ten von Smartphones und zeigt, wie eingebaute Sensoren dazu ver- wendet werden können den Nutzer zu erkennen und zu verstehen. Als erstes zeigen wir, dass Androidgeräte aufgrund der charakteristischen Benutzung des Touchscreens erkennen können, von welcher Person sie bedient werden. Danach erweitern wir die Fähigkeiten der Smart- phones, indem wir die charakteristischen Merkmale des Ganges einer Person erkennen, wenn das Telefon in der Hosentasche getragen wird. Unsere Methode hat gegenüber existierenden Gangerkennungssyste- men den Vorteil, dass das Gerät mit einer beliebigen Orientierung in der Tasche platziert werden kann und dennoch hohe Erkennungsraten erreicht. Im darauf folgenden Teil erweitern wir den Fokus auf externe, drahtlose Sensoren um einen Teil des gesundheitsrelevanten Kontexts einer Person wahrnehmen zu können. Dazu präsentieren wir zwei Systeme, die auf externen Sensoren basieren: ein UV-Dosimeter und und ein System, um die Druckverteilung der Fusssohle messen zu kön- nen. In beiden Fällen dient das Smartphone der Benutzerinteraktion und der Datenverarbeitung. Im letzten Teil zeigen wir, dass die Analyse vom Musikabspiel- verhalten vieler Personen benutzt werden kann, um Musik passend zum Geschmack des Benutzers zu empfehlen. Dazu definieren wir zuerst ein Musikähnlichkeitsmass, das zum einen auf dem Hörverhal- ten und zum anderen auf sozialen Tags basiert. Dieses Ähnlichkeits- mass lässt sich auf Millionen von Interpreten und Songs anwenden. Als zweites verwenden wir dieses Mass um den Musikgeschmack ei- ner Person aufgrund der auf dem Smartphone gespeicherten Musik kompakt zu definieren und verwenden dieses Wissen, um die Mu- siksammlung durch opportunistisches Filesharing zu erweitern. Als drittes beschreiben wir die Implementierung eines Meta-Radios, das auf tausende öffentlich verfügbare Internetradiostationen zurückgreift und nahtlos zwischen den Sendern wechselt, um dem Nutzer ein auf ihn zugeschnittenes Hörerlebnis zu bieten. Acknowledgements The time as a PhD student at the Distributed Computing Group was an instructive, sometimes stressful, but overall wonderful experience. I had the possibility to work on many different projects and collab- orate with a lot of smart people. As a result, my dissertation would not have been possible without the help of many people who I would like to thank in the following. First of all, I would like to thank Prof. Roger Wattenhofer for supporting me and let me try my (sometimes strange) ideas. He gave me the freedom to work independently on topics that interested me and helped me in countless discussions. Moreover, I would like to thank my co-referee Prof. Andrew Campbell for accepting to review this thesis and serving on my defense committee. A special thank goes to the members of the Distributed Com- puting Group. It was an amazing environment to work in and I am sure I will miss it. I would like to thank: Michael Kuhn for being a nice office mate and making my table look less chaotic, To- bias Langner for keeping the good spirit in our office and providing me with a constant stream of rock music, Christoph Lenzen for be- ing a last resort for my mathematical problems, Silvio Frischknecht for keeping the barefoot fraction alive, Jochen Seidel for giving me energizing mate tea, Yuval Emek for being a responsible nanny dur- ing Roger’s sabbatical, Jara Uitto for introducing me to the Finnish sauna tradition, Jasmin Smula for drawing our beloved office mascot, Barbara Keller for preserving her expired-food museum, Klaus-Tycho Förster for baking so many cakes and acting as a reliable source of randomness, Pascal Bissig for cool paragliding videos, Raphael Ei- denbenz for bringing musicality into our group, Johannes Schneider for introducing Austrian mountains to us, Philipp Sommer for being the last hard(core)ware guy in our group, Stephan Holzer for teach- ing us the importance of meat, Michael König for programming the Toeggelomat 2.0, Philipp Brandes for attending the early morning coffee breaks and introducing cookie time, Christian Decker for mak- ing us rich with Bitcoins, Remo Meier for awesome skiing holidays in Zermatt, Nicolas Burri for the Toeggelomat 1.0, Pascal von Rick- enbach for keeping the startup spirit in our group, Damian Friedli for fixing our servers over and over again, Thomas Steingruber for providing me with the hardware I needed, Tanja Lantz for reminding me of the long-forgotten credit card receipts, and Beat Futterknecht for magically resolving all organizational issues. One part of my work at ETH that I really enjoyed was super- vising student theses. Consequently, I supervised many theses and would like to thank the following students for their collaboration and their work: Thomas Fahrni, Chahine Benchohra, Rahul Jain, Andreas Marcaletti, Si Sun, Etienne Geiser, Michael Grob, Jestin Kannanmannil, Guido Hungerbühler, Cédric Waldburger, Alexander Waldin, Samuel Pfaffen, Christian Stocker, Martina Kolly, Damian Pfammatter, Marian Runo, Beat Gebistorf, Yannick Stucki, Do- minik Bucher, Sebastian Wendland, Samuel Zihlmann, Pascal Bis- sig, Tobias Wenger, Roger Odermatt, Dominik Landtwing, Alex Hugger, Dany Sünnen, Samuel Zehnder, Dominic Plangger, To- bias Schlüter, Dominic Langenegger, Valerius Huonder, Yawhuei Lam, Vijay Sahdeva, Jonathan Weber, Philippe von Bergen, Désirée Clausen, Damian Scherrer, Jannik Schäfer, Pascal Voser, Roland Meier, Muriel Pauli, Samuel Zweifel, Tobias Bamert, Lennart Elsen, Marcel Bertsch, Frederik Rothenberger, Demian Jäger, Lukas Sigrist, Sandro Martis, Sandro Affentranger, Adrian Friedli, Manuel Eichel- berger I thank my friends Remo, Chrigi, Röf, Graf, and Sili who have still not forgotten me (despite the fact that I was living in Zurich) and were responsible for many fantastic weekends. I would like to thank my parents Berni and Brigitte, as well as my siblings Mirjam, Yeru, Marie, David and Anna for supporting me and my dreams. Finally, I am deeply grateful to my girlfriend Angi for her unwavering love and encouragement during the last years. Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Thesis Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Collaborations and Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 I Light Authentication 6 2 Introduction 7 2.1 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3 Touch-Based Recognition 11 3.1 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.2 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.3 User Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.4 User Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4 Gait-Based Recognition 38 4.1 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.2 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.3 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 II Medical Applications 49 5 Introduction 50 5.1 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 6 Mobile Foot Pressure Analysis 53 6.1 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 6.2 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 6.3 The Planipes System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 6.4 Smartphone Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 6.5 Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 6.6 Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 7 Wearable UV Awareness System 69 7.1 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 7.2 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 7.3 Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 7.4 System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 7.5 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 7.6 Pilot Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 7.7 Conclusions and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 8 UV Awareness Through GPS 85 8.1 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 8.2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 8.3 Context Awareness using GPS Signals . . . . . . . . . 88 8.4 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 8.5 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 8.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 III Personalized Music Experience 96 9 Introduction 97 9.1 Defining Music Similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 9.2 Creating a Social Audio Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 9.3 The Social Audio Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

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